Enhancing Architecture Appreciation Through Spatial Perceptions Cultural Studies Essay

Enhancing Architecture Appreciation Through Spatial Perceptions Cultural Studies Essay Frank Lloyd Wright believed space was the essence of architecture. The reality of architecture is actually not in the solid elements that seem to make it, but rather the reality of a room was to be found in the space enclosed by the roof and walls, not in the roof and walls themselves. Spaces have intrinsic meanings that result from their spatial and visible forms and extrinsic meanings that evolved out from each of our different experiences with regards to each individuals own background and profession. We experience the spaces interior space in terms of their form, their structure, their aesthetics and how others and us relate to them. This constitutes the reality of our physical experience, but spaces not only have an existence in reality, they also have a metaphorical existence. They express meaning and give out certain messages about the space, just as the way we dress or furnish our homes gives people certain messages about us. They tell stories, for their forms and space plan ning give us hints about how they should be experienced or perceived. Space is meaningless without its inhabitants to experience it and to experience a space is the only gateway to understanding space. At certain periods architects have chosen to create exciting, complex spaces with curving, undulating walls. The period of the baroque and rococo in Europe was one such time when interiors were designed to entice and captivate the onlooker and draw them into a world of illusion created through painting, sculpture and the curving forms of architecture. Craftsman played the prominent role at that time when only good workmanship and complicated work pieces would amaze anyone. Now in this totally new era, right here in this century, wonders are different and expectations higher with meanings and philosophy equally deep but entirely unlike. The heightening desire and importance of communication among the space and the perceiver with the spatial experience created seem to become a dominating factor and a characteristic of spatial design in this new era. If architecture can be said to have a poetic meaning, we must recognise that what it says is not independent of what it is. (Alberto Pà ©rez-Gà ³mez, The Space of Architecture: Meaning as Presence and Representation, Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture, 2006) Architecture is not an experience that words can translate later. Like the poem itself, it is its space as presence which constitutes the meaning and the experience. This experience in turn differs for every individual. What one perceives is a result of interplays between past experiences, including ones culture and the interpretation of the perceived. Different aspects of the experiential spaces and the perceiver also ignite different spatial perceptions. Understanding the different experiential components, the philosophy of perception and how spatial perception affects and reflects people differently helps us to enhance our appreciation for architecture and to heighten our enjoyment of space. My aim in this paper is to explore this hypothesis and my exposition will be presented and discussed in the following thesis. Categories of different experiential components Spatial experience created is the most complex and diverse of all the components of architecture, for it involves how architecture engages all of our senses, how it shapes our perception and enjoyment or discomfort of our built environment. Understanding this is perhaps the area with which most people, architects and users alike, have difficulty. This is partly because it involves, at every turn, subjective responses which differ from individual to individual. Since the spatial experience we derive from architecture is generated by our perception of it, we must start by considering how the human eye and mind receive and interpret the visual data of architectural experience. How does the psychology of vision and sensory stimulation affect our perception of architecture? Perhaps the most fundamental concept is that the mind, particularly the human mind, is programmed to seek meaning and significance in all sensory information sent to it. The result is that the mind seeks to place all information fed to it into a meaningful pattern. The mind does not recognise that incoming data mean nothing. Even purely random visual or aural phenomena are given a preliminary interpretation by the mind on the basis of what evaluative information it already has stored away. Hence, what we perceive is based on what we already know- our knowledge. Our perception of space also differs from individual to individual, based on the persons psychology, mentality, phy sical state, background, memory, observation and the overall environment together with time Era and Culture. The spatial experience of architectural spaces evolves and becomes established by the experience it provides and we in turn read our experience into it. Experiential spaces evoke an empathetic reaction in us through these projected experiences and the strength of these reactions is determined by our culture, our beliefs and our expectations. We can relate so well to these spaces is because we have strong feelings about our environment and about what we like and dislike. We all have our preferences and prejudices regarding certain spaces as in anything else and our experiences in these spaces determine our attitude towards that space. People looking at pictures have a remarkable ability to enter a role which seems very foreign to them. This can be interpreted into how these experiential spaces play an important role in affecting our mood and behaviour. When we enter these emotive spaces, we are tuned in to the frequency of the space, going through all the emotional processes with it. Architects and designers manipulate space of many kinds: There is first the purely physical space. One cannot see let alone touch space! Yet something that is invisible and untouchable has to be there, just to keep objects apart. This can be easily computed and expressed as how many cubic feet or cubic meters. But there is also perceptual space, the space that can be perceived or seen. To understand this, an example will be in a building with walls of glass, this perceptual space may be extensive and impossible to quantify. Related to perceptual space is conceptual space, which can be defined as the mental map we carry around in our heads, the plan stored in our memory. Concepts that work well are those that users can grasp easily in their minds eye and in which they can perceive with a kind of inevitability. Such spaces can be said to have good conceptual space. The architect also shapes behavioural space, or the space we can actually move through and use. Architecture space is a powerful shaper of behaviour. Winston Churchill said We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us. One very good example to support this statement is the Houses of Parliament in Germany. When Parliament first begun to meet in the thirteenth century, it had been given the use of rooms in the palace and had later on moved into the palace chapel. A typical narrow and tall Gothic chapel with parallel rows of choir stalls on two sides of the aisle down the center. The members of Parliament sat in the stalls, dividing themselves into two distinctive groups, one the government in power and the other usually the opposition members. During Parliament meetings, members from both parties have to take the brave step of crossing the aisle to change political allegiance. In my opinion, this enforced behaviour has a negative impact on the overall operation of the government bodies as this form of meetings unintentionally made politicians from both sides to feel and sense hostility and unconsciously insinuated the perception of challenge. When the Houses of Parliament had to be rebuilt after a fire in 1834, the Gothic form was followed but Churchill argued that the rebuilding of the Parliament ought to be done with a fan of seats in a broad semicircle, as used in legislative chambers in the United States and France. To change the environment, to give it a different behavioural space, would change the very nature of parliamentary operation. The English had first shaped their architecture, and then that architecture had shaped English government and history. Through Churchills persuasion, the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt with the revised layout. Space can determine or suggest patterns of behaviour and perceptions by its very configuration. There is yet another way of determining spatial experience, and although it is not strictly architectural, architects and designers nevertheless must take it into account. This is personal space, the distance that members of the same species put between themselves. For most animals, this zone of comfort is genetically programmed. However humans have proved themselves to be extremely flexible in their determination of personal space; they seem not to have any programmed genetic spatial code. Instead, humans personal space is culturally determined and is fixed in childhood, so that enforced changes in personal distance later in life which they experience in different spaces may produce different perceptions and emotions. The Italians and the French prefer much more densely packed arrangements in their cafes, compared to the English. Even in the same culture, different sets of rules and factors determining experiences are adopted by men and women. Two unacquainted men will maintain a gr eater distance than two unacquainted women. If an architect or designer violates these unstated rules of personal space and places people in a space that is not catered to these needs, the result may prove to be an environment that is resisted by the users with negative perceptions and responses that follows. Philosophy of Perception Categories of different Perception Historically, the most important philosophical problem posed by perception is the question of how we can gain knowledge via Perception. The philosophy of perception concerns how mental processes the space and the spatial perception depends on how spaces are observed and interpreted by the perceiver. In order to grasp this, we need to understand the different categories of spatial perception. We can categorize perception into 4 categories: Just as one object can give rise to multiple percepts, so an object may fail to give rise to any percept at all. If the percept has no grounding in a persons past experience, the person may literally not perceive it. No perception occurs. Specifications are 1:1 mappings of some aspects of the world into a perceptual array; given such a mapping, no enrichment or experience is required and this perception is called direct perception. This is usually knowledge or information gained through education or other mediums like books, television programmes etc. Direct perception occurs when information from the environment received by our sense organs forms the basis of perceptual experience and these sensory inputs are converted into perceptions of desks and computers, flowers and buildings, cars and planes etc. Some argue that perceptual processes are not direct, but depend on the perceivers expectations and previous knowledge as well as the information available. This controversy is discussed with respect to James J. Gibson (1966) who investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. This theory of perception is a bottom-up theory and this bottom up processing is also known as data-driven processing or passive perception. Processing is carried out in one direction from the environment to the sensory inputs, with our brains carrying out more complex analysis of the inputs which affects our reaction or behaviour. Passive perception can be surmised as the following sequence of events as: Surrounding input (senses) processing (brain) output (reaction/behaviour) For Gibson: sensation is perception: what you see is what you get. However, this theory cannot explain why perceptions are sometimes inaccurate, example in illusions and perceptual errors like overestimation. Although still supported by main stream philosophers and psychologists, this theory is nowadays losing momentum as more and more people turn to believe in the next one Active Perception instead. The theory of active perception has emerged from extensive research, most notably the works of Richard L. Gregory (1970). This theory is increasingly gaining experimental support. Gregory argued that active perception is a constructivist (indirect) theory of perception which is a top-down theory. Top down processing refers to the use of contextual information in pattern recognition. One simple example to explain this: understanding difficult handwriting is easier when reading complete sentences than when reading single and isolated words. This is because the meanings of the surrounding words provide a context to aid understanding. For Gregory, perception involves making inferences about what we see and trying to make a best guess. Prior knowledge and past experience, he argued are crucial in perception. Thus, active perception can be surmised as a dynamic relationship between Description (in the brain) and the senses and the surrounding, all of which holds true to the linear concept of experience. What one perceives is a result of interplays between ones past experiences and knowledge (the brain) and the surrounding, including ones senses and the interpretation of the perceived space (surrounding). A lot of information reaches the eye, but much is lost by the time it reaches the brain. Therefore the brain has to guess what a person sees based on past experiences. According to Richard Gregory, we actively construct our perception of reality. Our perceptions of the world are hypotheses based on our past experiences and stored information. How Spatial Perception reflects Being The different ways in which we experience a painting, a sculpture, or a work of architecture reflects on each of our individual being. Our environments ( built environments ) are a reflection of ourselves. Architecture should express our aspirations and our sense of optimism about the future. Nothing can possibly show us better or clearer of our innermost self, BEING, other than the very own living space we create. It shows how we want things to be and what we really want in life- freedom, happiness, power, health, luck, love, etc which reveal our characteristics, attitude and most importantly our being. It is also used to express emotions and symbolise ideas that give out certain messages about the owner. What is happening above is actually personalising your own space. This has two meanings to it: One is to personalise it and the other is to personify it. The latter is the main point in this whole essay, the living space representing the person who created it with a hint of the creators being in every corner of the space. This is why we can relate better to our own houses (personal space) than the outside world. But all in all to personalise the space, you personify it and to personify it, what you are doing is simply personalising that living space of yours. This is crucial in understanding the spaces created, the reasons for creating these spaces and how others perceive these spaces (personifying it). This same conception is expressed in Greek columns by a slight outward curvature of profile, the entasis which gives an impression of straining muscles a surprising thing to find in a rigid and unresponsive pillar of stone. This is exactly what happens when we are personifying our own personal space. To personify a thing or the entire space so that it overflows with your being, so that it tastes, smells and feels like you, is so amazingly overpowering over a person who owns it personally. None other than the owner can feel the sense of belonging and comfort created in that amount of space. You own that space and it completely belongs to you, you can even see yourself in that space, you are the space and the space is you. Even civilized people more or less consciously treat lifeless things as though they were imbued with life. Designing one selfs own space to make sure it is unique and truly belongs to you depends very much on your background, interests and expertise. This will make it special and personalised to the person with regards to his or her living space. But nowadays architecture designs are restricted by so call Style and Taste Superficial Cosmetic Professor Colin Stansfield Smith. This problem shows not only how things should be built but also what should be built. Today, in our highly civilized society the houses which ordinary people are doomed to live in and gaze upon are on the whole without quality. This is also why some important buildings are Monuments; some are considered Architecture while others are simply termed buildings. In order to prevent this from happening, we need to have an understanding of the living space. Understanding Living Space does not only mean the way it looks or its construction and materials. Understanding architecture does not mean just the way they look but the creative process of how the building comes into existence and how space is utlized. ¹ We need to visit buildings, look at the processes whereby it came into being, the sense of form, space, light and shade, the size and shape of spaces, the relationship between spaces and how space is utilised. We are looking at the Interior Beings. You must observe how it was designed for a special purpose and how it was attuned to the entire concept and rhythm of a specific era. Architecture provides the physical framework for our lives, so it has a public role a social responsibility. But it is also where we live, work and play, so it has a private role. It has a material form, but it also represents our ideals and aspirations. Consciously or unconsciously everyone is affected by his or her environment. He experiences the house in its reality and in its virtuality, by means of thought and dreams. This can be further explained by using an example. When we look at a portrait of someone laughing or smiling we become cheerful ourselves. If on the other hand, the face is tragic, we feel sad. People looking at pictures have a remarkable ability to enter a role which seems very foreign to them. ¹ This can be interpreted into how architecture plays a vital role in affecting our mood and behaviour. Buildings have their own characteristics and emotions, some buildings are feminine and some are masculine, some buildings are joyous and some are solemn. When we enter these emotive spaces, we are tuned in to the frequency of the buildings, going through all the emotional processes with the architecture. We get to the point where we cannot describe our impressions of an object without treating it as a living thing with its own physiognomy. ¹ This is exceptionally true with architecture as such animation of a building makes it easier to experience its architecture rather than as the addition of many separate technological details. Instead of using professional jargons (architectural vocabulary) that most people do not understand or could not fully understand, causing misunderstanding and confusion when perceiving space, using metaphors to convey certain ideas is so much easier and understandable by people from all professions and social levels. That is one of the many reasons why people like to personify spaces literally. Architecture should be appreciated by everyone from everywhere, which is also another crucial criteria for good architecture as it has a social responsibility once it is erected on the ground. Spatial Perception in the context of ART Whether architecture makes an impression on the observer and what impression it makes, depends not only on the architecture itself but to great extent on the observers susceptibility, his mentality, his education and his entire environment. It also depends on the mood he is in at the moment he is experiencing the architecture. We all have our preferences and prejudices in architecture as in anything else and our experiences determine our attitude towards it. This can be interpreted in the same way like above. The same painting can affect us very differently at different times and that is why it is always so exciting to return to a piece of art work we have seen before to find out whether we still react to it in the same way. This proves that a single building or a specific space can affect us differently, gives us a different feeling each time we experience it again and again. What do you get when you put Art and Building together? Architecture. What do you get when you put Living Space and Architecture together? Living Sculpture. Architecture has been understood as the art of establishing place by bounding space. To distinguish between arts of space and arts of time, between formative and expressive arts, and therefore also between arts of presence and arts of absence. Painting, sculpture and architecture are included among the former, poetry and music among the latter. The most dominant similarity between art and architecture is Art should not be explained; it must be experienced. Architecture is not just simply looking at plans, elevations and sections, there is something more to it it must be experienced, just like art. No photograph, film or video can reproduce the sense of form, space, light and shade, solidity and weight that is gained from visiting buildings. It is not enough to see architecture; you must experience it. You must dwell in the rooms, feel how they close about you and observe how you are naturally led from one room to the other. The most dominant difference between art and architecture is An architect works with forms and mass just as the sculptor does, but his is a functional art. It solves practical problems. In other words, the former has a decisive factor to it: Utility. Indeed, one of the proofs of / criteria for good architecture is that it is being utilized and perceived as the architect or designer had planned, even after a long period of time. We stand before a picture; most sculptures invite us to change our position, perhaps even to walk around them; architecture not only invites us to change our position, but to enter and move around within it. Generalizing, we can say that body and body awareness become more important as we turn from painting to sculpture to architecture. Our experience of sculpture involves the body in a more obvious way than does painting; most sculpture invites us to explore it by moving past it. Robert Morris celebrates the observers relationship to sculpture; his works let observers recognize that they themselves are establishing relationships as they apprehend the object from various positions and under varying conditions of light and spatial context. In a more obvious way, architecture is experienced by the moving body: we approach a building, walk by or around it and perhaps enter it. Architecture is the art into which we walk; it is the art that envelops us. As noted, painters and sculptors af fect our senses and perception by creating changes in patterns, and in proportional relationships between shapes, through the manipulation of light and colour, but only architects shape the space in which we live and through which we move. Architecture Appreciation through Perception Architectural spaces are more than just a stage of our lives; they also reflect the society, the image of an era and most importantly the culture. Therefore the spatial experience provided has become an important factor in the communication of the architecture and the perceiver. The virtue of a successful architecture is based on the language of the experience provided rather than the form itself, which mediated between the perceiver and the space. A successful architecture is also capable of transmitting the philosophy and concepts that the space wants to convey and the experience the space provides is vital in terms of introducing the perceiver to the personality of the space. The spatial experience should be something to be enjoyed and shared by the majority of people. If it is shared more widely because more people understand it, take it seriously; chances are the space has being perceived and appreciated by the public and fulfilled its social responsibility. Enjoyment of space and form is a birthright. This enjoyment can be heightened in two basic ways: through the thoughtful design of buildings and related spaces and through the users development of awareness and perception of architecture. Architecture can be important to the enrichment of life. And after so many years, architects and designers are still learning how users interact with space and form and how skilfully designed space and form respond to human needs. Scenario : Two men attend a concert. One studied music. Has a trained ear. Spent years developing a high degree of music appreciation. Loves great works of great composers. This concert is heaven to him. To the other man, the concert is a bore. He has had little exposure to serious music. No real knowledge of music. Never learned to listen and does not even know that he has been deprived of the pleasure of fine music. He can hardly wait until the concert is overà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ During intermission, the same two people react very differently as they walk around and within the concert building experiencing its space and form. Now the music lover is bored. He knows almost nothing about buildings. He is visually illiterate. The other person, however, has spent years developing an appreciation of buildings. He has a trained eye. He derives pleasure from the quality of space and form of the great hall. He is stirred to maximum enjoyment. To him, architecture is visual music. The term architecture appreciation is used to promote the idea that architecture can be enjoyed, much as the performing or visual arts, physically through the senses. Architecture appreciation, like music appreciation or art appreciation is learned. In music, it is learning how to hear. In art, how to see. In the case of architecture, it is learning how to perceive. Enjoying buildings requires some knowledge and some practice in perceiving space and form. You need to know something about buildings, you need to hone your awareness and you need to know something about yourself too. How do you respond to space and form? Architecture is a personal, enjoyable, necessary experience. A person perceives and appreciates space and form from three distinctly different but interrelated attitudes: from the physical, from the emotional, and from the intellectual. The architecture experience evokes a response which fulfils physical, emotional, and intellectual needs, effecting an enjoyable interaction between the person and the building. Space perception is happening everywhere, anytime. Wherever people are, there are buildings. Where buildings are, there are spatial experience. Appreciation of the works of creative architects and designers demands creativity from our part. Through accumulated experience and knowledge we design our own appreciation and experience. Word Count 4948

Impact of Product Price and Brand Name on Quality Perception Essay

In ordinary usage, price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods or services. In modern economies, prices are generally expressed in units of some form of currency (For commodities, they are expressed as currency per unit weight of the commodity, e.g. Tshs per kilogram.) Although prices could be quoted as quantities of other goods or services this sort of barter exchange is rarely seen. Prices are sometimes quoted in terms of vouchers such as trading stamps and air miles. Brand is the â€Å"name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller’s good or service as distinct from those of other sellers.†Initially, Branding was adopted to differentiate one person’s cattle from another’s by means of a distinctive symbol burned into the animal’s skin with a hot iron stamp, and was subsequently used in business, marketing and advertising. A modern example of a brand is Coca Cola which belongs to the Coca-Cola Company. A brand is the most valuable fixed asset of a Corporation. In general, the product is defined as a â€Å"thing produced by labor or effort In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need. 2.0 PROBLEM ANALYSIS 3.0 OBJECTIVES 3.1 general objectives name on customer’s quality perception of product To assess the effect of price and brand 3.2 specific objectives * To assess the effect of price on quality perception * To assess the effect of brand name on quality perception HYPOTHESES Null hypotheses * There is negative relationship between price and quality perception * There is negative relationship between brand name and quality perception Alternative hypotheses * There is positive relationship between price and quality perception * There is positive relationship between brand name and quality perception LITERATURE REVIEW The consumer quality perception has been a debatable topic for the past so many years around the world; previously many researchers have studied this topic and found exploratory findings in different contexts. The central purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of product price and brand name on consumer’s quality perception of the product. The marketer must inspect the consumer buying behavior by consumer psychological behavior and social concerns (Shabbir et.al 2012). According to Kurtulus et al. (2005) the influence of consumer psychographics on their tendency to purchase retailer brands, that must be valid and reliable so the consumers are more price conscious and prefer and purchase retailer brands. Most of the consumers need convenience and quality products that strongly motivate them to buy the same product more frequently in the future (Ahuja, Gupta, & Raman, 2003). Ahmad, & Vays, (2011) found that the pre-decision time of consumer purchasing behavior recognized solid link with the desire purchasing Behavior of the consumers. Product price The product price factor is always been an important factor in customer/consumer buying process in every context. They always examine price and brand name information differently when they are making judgments on the dimensions of quality: ease of use, usefulness, performance, durability, and status (Brucks, Zeithaml & Naylor, 2000). The marketing managers have to think broader to have a common on two factors such as capability control and strategic dynamic pricing policies (Moe & Fader, 2009). The customer must be facilitated with some packages in products. Bie & Chiao (2001) found that the marketing managers should highlight the service quality as well as but also price fairness in total consumer satisfaction program. According to Chang & Wildt (1998) the price has its significant influence on perceived quality when it is the only information indicated available. According the study of consumer prefers to have a price and quality rather than technical aspects in durable goods (Chui et al. 2006). Brand name Another benefit of branding , from the customer view point,is its ability to increase purchase confidence and enhance customer loyality (Aaker,1991 ; chaudhuri & holbrook ,2001).Brands work by facilitating the the customers buying decesions process.(Doyle,1990).In a competitive market customer face hundred of products and messages competing for attention.the buying decisions are reliant on their past experience and perception about a product and his habitual buying process is associated with brand loyalty

Through The Development Of Human History, Humans Gradually

Through the development of human history, humans gradually realize that Politics, Science, and Religion are three independent and equally competitive authorities. Also, the conflict between science and religion and that between politics and religion are much more severe than the conflict between science and politics. In this sense, because of the difference of those three authorities and the possibility of causing conflicts, it is more ideal not to twist science, religion, and politics together in the first place in society. Aquinas first realizes the need to separate governmental and secular power. Before him, religion and politics are closely woven together. For example, the Koran is not only a religious text, but also a code of conduct†¦show more content†¦Rulers should get done what needed to be done, regardless with or without a sense of morality. At that moment, humans fully understood the difference of religion and politics, and the need to separate them. In the 16th to 17th century, along with the Enlightenment, Galileo shows the human race a neo authority, which is science. Although, science has always been a powerful force long before Galileo’s announcement, most of people treated it as more of a tool, instead of an equally competitive authority with religion. For example, Maimonides is the first philosopher who discusses the contradictory relationship between science and religion. However, Maimonides thinks that the truth of science is compatible with the truth of religion. In his letter to his disciple, Maimonides suggests that although it seems that the truth of science and truth of religious are different, they are actually consistent, because people fail to reinterpret them in a correct way. For this reason, Maimonides and most of people failed to fully capture the power of science until in the 17th century Galileo reintroduced it (the power of science itself). In Galileo’s letter, Galileo points out that because both the Bible and the world are God’s creation, and considering the fact that Bible is ambiguous but Science is clear, theology is incompatible with science. And at this moment, Science itself became a competing authority withShow MoreRelatedAs Times Change : Traditional Vs. Experiential1457 Words   |  6 Pagesof telling history: Christian Boltanski- Emmanuela Saladani) ultural institutions, like the cultures that foster them, evolve over time. Zoos Aquariums, as well as museums, were established from private collections and the human urge to keepsake the different, the extraordinary, the exotic. The human species has evolved to use its dominion over other species to its benefit. The acquisition of animals as collectible has always been more fascinating and exciting than natural history objects. ThisRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1577 Words   |  7 PagesNo man has been as influential in the history of evolutionary science as Charles Darwin, a prominent British naturalist, geologist and botanist who came to solidify himself in these fields of studies in the nineteenth century. In 1831, Darwin embarked on a British government-sponsored voyage on the HMS Beagle to the coast of South America and several remote islands in the Pacific, where he closely observed the landforms and natural species that were native to these parts of the worl d, which he hadRead More The Origins of Noble Savagery836 Words   |  4 Pages There are essentially two schools of thought on what life was like for early humans: Thomas Hobbes’ famous quote that life was â€Å"nasty, brutish, and short,† and the popular Western image of the â€Å"noble savage† that dominated literature and archaeology in the Victorian era. In our modern era, this view has been termed the â€Å"Garden of Eden† conception of early humanity, as expounded by Ponting in his book, A Green History of the World: a fruitful, easily productive environment that allowed its inhabitantsRead MoreThe Government Should Regulate Artificial Intelligence1655 Words   |  7 PagesXin Zhai Prof. Sanchez WRT 150-08 28 October 2016 The Government Should Regulate Artificial Intelligence People have already realized that Artificial Intelligence (AI) gradually occupies our life in different aspect and presents in different forms. AI will help big companies to cope with their data analysis and provide them with the best-calculated strategy. AI robots have already been employed in some countries like Japan to help with old people or patients who suffer from mental illness. BesidesRead MoreCause of the Disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization1675 Words   |  7 Pages(remember the components of culture we discussed early in the semester) interchange between different societies and civilizations. Introduction Culture is the complex combination of intellectual, artistic, material, scientific, and technological developments in a society. In addition, culture is comprised of the established religious, political, social, and economic institutions in a civilization. Finally, language is perhaps the most critical component of culture. Language is the medium for the expressionRead MoreEurope s Inner Demons By Norman Cohn1486 Words   |  6 PagesEurope’s Inner Demons In Norman Cohn’s book, Europe’s Inner Demons, his ultimate goal is to explain the development of anti-human conspiracies. He discusses how these â€Å"fantasies† were gradually tied to Christians and eventually how they influenced the European witch-hunts. It can be difficult to decipher his exact thesis as his preface itself seems to function as one large thesis. However, his thesis overall seems to be that â€Å"the great witch-hunt became possible when these practices and experiencesRead MoreCommunication Is The Basic Of Human Existence1163 Words   |  5 Pagesdaily life, some people consider that it’s the basic of human existence (Nà ©meth, 2015). But what is communication and why it is so important for us? Today I will talk about â€Å"communication† and discuss its importance. Long time ago , ancestors of human beings were living in caves, picked fruits in the trees as food, ate raw meat. And at that time, communication has been a necessary survival skill of them. Just think about that, when ancient humans were hunting a huge animal, they cannot face the hugeRead MoreDarwin and History1162 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion of human evolution until The Descent of Man published in 1871, it would lead others to pursue the matter with diverse explanations. Known as the father of German Darwinism, Ernst Haeckel’s Natà ¼rliche Schà ¶pfungsgeschichte (The History of Creation) was first published in German in 1868 and translated into English in 1876. Haeckel would confront what Darwin had eluded in the Origin with distinct social and political predispositions and influences. To fully understand the development of GermanRead MoreThe Human Person Is That It Needs Relationship For Its Existence1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe nature of the human person is that it needs relationship for its existence. According to the IPS model stated here, â€Å"humans are naturally social with inclinations and needs for family, friendship, life in society, and other interpersonal relationships† (IPS group 2014, p. 9). Based on this IPS assumption, supports such as relationship, loving, caring, and interaction are essential elements that are vital for a human’s survival. Throughout the history of philosophy and psychology, individual observersRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 PagesOne of these oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been p roven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience

Spanish Teaching - 761 Words

### Names #### Throughout all my years of school, I had always wanted to become a teacher when I grew up. It was not until my friend, Michelle Martino, began telling me about the wonderful program she is in at Southern Connecticut State University for Spanish Secondary Teaching; it was in that moment that I realized that teaching Spanish was where my true passion was. Because of this epiphany, I decided to tackle another independent performance project focusing on teaching Spanish. My original concept was to only do so at NBIS until I was approached by the primary grade teacher, Ms. Prota. I truly found my niche. At NBIS, I worked with Ms. Ducharme, who I had for my Spanish I teacher. I spent many hours observing her teaching style as well as her classroom’s attributes. Both aspects helped me better understand what teachers need in order to be successful. One thing I did in order to head start my own classroom was purchasing latinoamericanos flags and several posters. I discussed with Ms. Ducharme different theories of how a Spanish class could be taught. My thought, now, is to teach in the target language while connecting it to students’ native language. In addition to observing, I made copies, preparing for upcoming lessons, and even was able to teach a class when Ms. Ducharme had a substitute for a period. During that time, I proctored a commonly asked question, â€Å" ¿Cà ³mo es tu amigo?† for students to respond in their journals. I also reviewed the five forms ofShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Education: Kindergarten Reflection Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesKindergarten Reflection Entering my kindergarten teaching experience in the last quarter of school year I had to quickly become familiar with kindergarten content standards and the school’s curriculum. To do this I observed my mentor teachers instructional time with the children and gained as much information as I could about the children’s educational standing by developing a professional relationship with the my mentor teacher and the children. I learned that the majority of my kindergarten childrenRead MoreThe Abraham Friedman Occupational Center889 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the program, my placement was set at the Abraham Friedman Occupational Center. The students were predominantly Spanish-speaking adults who lived in downtown Los Angeles. The program was ESL Intermediate High B that integrated language skills. Since October last year, I devoted seventy hours to observation and taught four lessons totaling five hours. The guiding teacher Mr. Buckley was an inspiring educator who cr eated a variety of classroom activities. Analysis I benefited from the observationRead MoreThe School Of A Charter School1396 Words   |  6 Pagestaught the specific language throughout the lesson and unit. Another course of action would be to differentiate the assessment by adjusting the language so that the L2 is comprehensible to the student. Language Allocation in Classroom Within the Spanish speaking community at this charter school, there is little to no L1 used during the school day. The students’ instruction does now allow for the individuals L1 to be used. Occasionally, when the students are not having a silent lunch or when theyRead MoreEnglish Classroom Observation Report1549 Words   |  7 PagesKindergarten I have been observing since March. Regarding the English teacher, she has utter freedom in what and how to teach. Nevertheless, she tries to plan the lessons with the main teacher to try to present the learners similar vocabulary in Spanish and in English. The aim of the institution is that students can approach to English in a friendly and positive atmosphere. Regarding the group I have beenRead MoreCommunication At Prab Raritan Gardens Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagessomething with another staff member she is within her office. All staff members underneath of her, although the requirements of their jobs may be different, are all on the same level in terms of hierarchy. Within the classroom, Teacher N and her teaching assistant (further address as teacher assistant V) do much of the same duties. If I had not been told who held what job title, it might have been a little difficult to decipher between the two. The only differe nce that I have witness is the requiredRead MoreThe Importance Of A Multicultural Education And How A Student s Race And Ethnicity Influences951 Words   |  4 Pagesby other teachers and students who may not share the same race and/or ethnicity; I hoped to witness firsthand how the immigration status of a student may affect his or her motivation in school; Finally, I anticipated witnessing culturally relevant teaching through the assignments that the students received and how the tutors interacted with their tutees. CLASE is a two-day-a-week after school tutoring and mentoring program for third- to fifth-grade English language learners at Oglethorpe Avenue ElementaryRead MoreBeing A Linguistics Student At Heart874 Words   |  4 Pageseverywhere you went someone spoke Portuguese or at the very least Spanish. Six months later my mother got a divorce from my father and moved to an English speaking town named Sayreville, and within two years, I was conversing and writing in English quite comfortably. My sister, whom came to the U.S. at the same time as I, moved with my father to another Portuguese, Brazilian, and Spanish speaking city in Newark, NJ. My sister’s accent in Spanish and the Portuguese from Portugal is nearly perfect. HoweverRead MoreReflection On The Classroom Observation1469 Words   |  6 Pagesanother teacher’s perspective on teaching Spanish, as she and Mrs. Fiechter are the only Spanish teachers in the school. Furthermore, I never had Mrs. Tijerina for Spanish 2, as the teacher I had left Adams Central. Additionally within the hour I was observing, there were many sophomore students that I knew personally so I was able to ask them on their options of the class. Finally, Mrs. Tijerina’s goal was to teach in a similar way to Mrs. Fiechter’s teaching, and by observing her I was ableRead MoreEssay about The Spanish Inquisition a History1182 Words   |  5 PagesFirst Book Review: Second Book Review: The Spanish Inquisition A History Juan H. Servin The Great Teachings-3400 California State University Stanislaus November 19, 2008 Servin 1 Juan H. Servin Prof. Richard Weikart The Great Teachings-3400 Second Book Review 19 November 2008 The Spanish Inquisition A History What was the Spanish Inquisition? The Spanish Inquisition persecuted and discriminated against minoritiesRead MoreThe Value Of Speaking Spanish Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up I never understood the value of speaking Spanish until I integrated myself several years ago. It has been a teacher and a home to me. It is the language of the people that I love and it has taught me that without it I would not be who I am. Beautifully, language comes in many forms. It does not have to be foreign. Language can merely be a dialect, an accent, a code or anything else that conveys meaning. It can even be a creation or a mix of two languages specific to the individuals speaking