Walt Disney The Fourth Of Five Children Essay - 1634 Words

This man was known to be one of the most inspirational, creative, and lively animators in his time. Walt Disney was the fourth of five children born on December 5th, 1901 and died December 15th, 1966 at the age of 65 due to lung cancer. At the time of his death, Disneyland was still under construction. Disney was an extremely educated man; he went straight to an art academy to grammar school and then attended the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1919 Disney got his first job as a cartoonist at a commercial art studio. While living in Kansas City Disney knew that he was not going to get far as a cartoonist, so he left for Hollywood in 1923 with only forty dollars in his pocket to go see what the world had out there for him to experience. Although Disney seemed like an energetic and happy man, his childhood was anything but idyllic. His father was a strict disciplinarian who thought nothing of taking a switch to Walt and his brother Roy to administer corrective beatings that became a part of their daily routine. Young Walt found an escape from his father s brutality through drawing. With pen and ink, he created his own little fantasy world where life has always been beautiful, people were always happy, and, most importantly, he was always in control. Hint the reasoning behind Disneyland being the â€Å"happiest place on earth†. Disney and his brother Roy were the only ones to stay in contact. By the time Disney had arrived in Hollywood, Roy had already been living in LosShow MoreRelatedMedia Networks : 2014 : 21.15 Us Billion Dollars Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pages the Disney/ABC Television group and the ESPN Inc. Media Networks also includes supporting headquarters, communications, digital media, marketing, distribution, research and sales groups. To break it down, the Disney/ABC†¯Television†¯group is made up of The Walt Disney Company s world wide entertainment,†¯television†¯news properties, the†¯television†¯networks†¯they own, for example Disney Channels Worldwide, ABC Family as well as many more networks that are all owned by Disney.†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ †¯ B) The Walt DisneyRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Disney s Disney 1575 Words   |  7 PagesWalt Disney Thesis: Many of us enjoy Disney movies and theme parks, but not many of us know the story and life of Walt Disney himself. I.Early Life Birth Dec. 5, 1901, Chicago, Illinois Fourth Child Childhood 1. Loved drawing animals 2. Had Siblings 3. Moved Often C. Teenagehood School 2. World War I Red Cross Ambulance Corps II. Career Education Apprentice Cartoon Classes Jobs Paper Boy Film Ad Company Laugh-O-Gram Films, Inc. StudioRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Walt Disney World1070 Words   |  5 PagesWalt Disney once said, â€Å"All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them.† Walt Disney was one of the most successful entrepreneurs of all time, a man who took a dream and pursued it, making a worldwide famous company, Walt Disney World. This paper will look at the history, financial situations, and marketing strategy of Walt Disney World. As Walt would say, â€Å"Sit back and enjoy!† In the early 1960s, Walt Disney wanted to give the residents of Eastern United States the opportunityRead MoreWalt Disney : The Greatest Animation Studios1481 Words   |  6 Pagesexploration videos, and Walt Disney World, Walt Disney explored the world of animation and built the foundation for the family entertainment business; he also exchanged his animation and film techniques and styles with the world, and encountered many obstacles in his journey becoming one of the most well-known and inspiring person in the world; Walt Disney Animation Studios, founded by Disney, is the greatest animation studios to this day, and has broken boundaries in many fields. Walt Disney was born in 1901Read MoreWalt Disney And The American History1044 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to do things, I wanted to build things, or get something going.† (LeeBron) Disney stated that when he realized that he wanted to make a difference in people’s lives. Disney never wanted to be boring or be known as the man who did not have a childhood and was always pushed around by his father. Disney wanted to be successful in life, he wanted the name ‘Walt Disney’ to be remembered, and it will be forever. Disney has achieved many important and exciting accomplishments within his life. He createdRead MoreWalt Disney Set the Stage for Great Film Making Essay examples1310 Words   |  6 Pageswe have the courage to pursue them†, said by Walt Disney himself (â€Å"Walt Disney Quotes†). Disney had a big imagination followed with big goals. As always in the entertainment business, there are going to be people competing to tear each other down , but Walt Disney kept his focus and determination to take on great things. All it took was one person with a strong passion for entertainment to set the stage for filmmaking long after he was gone. Walt Disney came from an Anglo-Irish family that immigratedRead MoreWalter Elias Disney Was Known As A American Voice Actor,975 Words   |  4 PagesWalter Elias Disney was known as a American voice actor, film producer, entrepreneur and animator. Walt was born on December 5,1901 in Hermosa neighborhood in Chicago, Illinois. Walt’s parents were Elias Disney and Flora Disney. Elias Disney was born in the Province of Canada, while Flora Disney’s parents were descendants of German and English culture. Walt was the fourth born out of five children. His siblings, Herbert, Raymond, Roy and Ruth. At a young age Walt had a n interest in drawing , paintingRead MoreWalt Disney : A Famous Creator Of Disneyland1483 Words   |  6 Pagesin the United States and approximately 2000 parks in the world (â€Å"Amusement†). Of all theme parks, worldwide Disney theme parks record top three highest attendance in 2014: Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida with 19.33 million guests , Tokyo Disneyland in Japan with 17.3 million guests, and Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California with 16.77 million visitors (â€Å"Attendance†). In recent, Disney is one of the most popular parks and has a broad fan base with the age range from kids to teenagers to adultsRead MoreThe Walt Disney Co. A Diversified International Family Entertainment And Media Enterprise1285 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Walt Disney Co. together with its subsidiaries and affiliates is a diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise. It operates through five business segments: Media Networks, Parks Resorts, Studio Entertainment, Consumer Products and Interactive Media† (Forbes, 2014). Globalization and technology changes have impacted Walt Disney Co. by being able to entertain and attract tourism around the world. Starting with the film of â€Å"Fantasia† in 1940, breaking language barriersRead MoreWalt Disney s Life And Life2810 Words   |  12 PagesNo, Walt Disney did not invent the lightbulb, or the computer, but what he did do was revolutionize animations, cartoons, and make billions of peoples imagination and happiness go wild. â€Å"In bad times, and in good, I’ve never lost my Zest for life.† Walt Disney said this because that is how he felt about life, he knew there would be ups and downs, but the only way to get through them was to stay positive and enjoy everything life has to offer. Walter Elias Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois, on

Harry Harlow Free Essays

Compare and contrast research by Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on understanding attachment This essay is looking at the similarities of two researchers into attachment. The aim is to present their work so as to compare and contrast the different approaches and techniques used by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. Even though they both had their different techniques in carrying out their experiments, the conclusion of their findings was very similar and this essay will be showing these findings by contrast. We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Harlow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both psychologists wanted to find out the underlying mechanics of attachment of mothers and their young. Firstly an American psychologist namely Harry Harlow who almost by accident started the most influential work in understanding attachment, fortunately discovered he was unable to carry out his original study regarding intelligence in rats, so he turned to the abilities of monkeys after seeing strange behaviour portrayed by the monkeys as he cleaned their cages. Subsequently he realised the fuss was being made from the extraction of the soft sanitary towels that were used in lining their cages. With this in mind he set out to prove the affection these monkey had for the sanitary towels was in fact â€Å"contact comfort† seeing as all their other needs were catered for and there was only adverse behaviour on the removal of the towels. He used rhesus macaques a medium sized monkey, which shares 94% DNA with humans â€Å"yet one must not be very careful how one interprets this genetic similarity. We share 50 per cent of our DNA with a banana†(Discovering Psychology, p. 204,2010). Harlow constructed two surrogate mothers for these babies to show affection or need. wire cylinder that provided milk, also in the cage was a structure made of wood covered in foam with a layer of towelling(also known as terry cloth in America). On viewing the action of the baby monkeys Harry Harlow confirmed his theory of â€Å"contact comfort†. He witnessed the baby clinging on to the terry cloth mother for comfort and only reaching for the wire surrogate for food then returning back to the terry cloth mother. â€Å"In another experiment he showed that the babies treated the terry cloth mother as a â€Å"safe base† (Discovering psychology, p. 07,2010) On displacement of the mothers the only distressing reaction came about on removal of the terry cloth mother with no reaction to the removal of the wire mother which produced food. Upon this observation â€Å"Harlow hypothesised that the tactile qualities of stimuli were more important for infant monkeys bonding then the provision of food†(Discovering psychology, p202,2010) So the previous assumption of the cupboard love theory was superseded by Harlows observation of contact comfort. However this conclusion was reach in monkeys and does not automatically prove the same in humans but does give a basis for the t In looking at Marry Ainswoth’s work on attachment it is seen there is a great difference in the subject and in the condition surrounding the research. Unlike Harlow who conducted his experiments in the controlled conditions of a laboratory, Ainsworth observed young babies from Ugandan families where she moved with her husband in 1953. Through the observation of the babies over â€Å"two hours every fortnight over a period of nine month†(Discovering Psychology, p. 16,2010) She witnessed that upon the mothers showing comfort to their young, the affection that was shown calmed them and stopped them crying, Ainsworth arrived at the conclusion similar to Harlow that the babies needed tactile stimuli or â€Å"contact comfort† the findings she reached coincided with the work of Harlow. She discovered that the displays witnessed and the validat ion of contact comfort showed infants became more confident to explore as long as the mothers were present, acting as a safe base in the same way the monkeys reacted to the terry cloth mother. This was shown through Harlows placing the monkey in an unfamiliar playroom, using both surrogate mothers. The positive reaction only came when the terry cloth mother was present, acting as a safe base â€Å"allowing infants to go off and explore or play, but also to rush back to if they felt threatened† (Discovering psychology,p. 207,2010) In comparison to Harlow’s work Ainsworth because of ethics could not separate the baby from its mother due to the damage to their emotional and psychological well being. So upon which she used the technique of observation to seemingly reach the same result as Harlow in that attachment is based on â€Å"contact comfort†. Also realising in her study the importance of a â€Å"safe base† to infants, as in the observation research carried out on the Uganda families â€Å"if the mothers were unresponsive and emotionally detached, their infants seem to cry a lot more and often seemed clingy or insecure†(Discovering psychology, p. 216,2010). We see the advantages of Ainsworh’s study in wanting to find out about attachment in humans, by studying humans. As well as showing more credibility into the mechanics of human attachment it also provided Ainsworth with the opportunity to develop a highly influential procedure called the strange situation because of the complexity of humans. This procedure consisted of a series of seven episodes involving three participants, namely mother, baby and a stranger. Page 3 personal identifier: C3257246 On completion of the procedure in the highly controlled environment (which limited the amount of emotional upset to the child on encountering and being left alone with the stranger that was constructed in one of the episodes) Ainsworth identified four different types of attachment in the infants used in the observation. While benefiting from the conclusion reached it was only on the basis of a single observation and did not take into account important factors such as the mood of the infants and how well they slept. The study also produced a further problem when the research was carried out in different countries revealing a great difference in the four types of attachment witnessed in her strange situation. This begs the question of ecological validity and how a controlled observation with a set of episodes is not the same for mothers and infants where these circumstances never arise, as in Japan the strange situation procedure never took place as it seemed to be inappropriate since â€Å"those mothers never left their babies in a room alone with a stranger† (Discovering psychology, p. 20,2010). However Harlow had his advantages too. The behaviour in non-human animals that Harlow used can be easier to interpret and to explain the results as unequivocal. Like Ainsworth Harlow carried out further experiments to strengthen the theory of a safe base now that contact comfort was established. In one of the further experiments â€Å"Harlow found that when the babies were placed in a large room full of toys they would curl up in a terrified ball if there was no mother or just the wire surrogate present†(Discovering Psychology, p. 07,2010) So even though we cannot be sure of the degree of findings on non humans and how applicable they are to humans, we see that the findings of at least â€Å"contact comfort† are shared with the observations of Mary Ainsworth. In contrast to the different approaches taken by both the physiologists we understand that ethics plays a major role. In the case of Mary Ainsworth we see the question of ethics need not be approached, even In her later research the strange situation. ll necessary procedures were put in place so not to cause suffering to the infants. The view on ethics taken by Harlow was quite inadequate and became cruel and inhumane which was not a surprising as Harlow did not have too much love for animals. He once said that all he cared about was â€Å"whether a monkey will turn out properly I can publish. I don†™t have any love for them. I never have† (Discovering Psychology, p. 212, 2010)unlike Ainsworth who morally complied and stopped her experiment immediately when the infant showed any sign of distress. Although there was not any ethical guidelines in place upon Harlow carrying out his research, the British psychological society states that â€Å"psychologists must be able to demonstrate that the benefits of a study justify the cost to the animal in terms of suffering†(Discovering Psychology, p. 211,2010) So the influential work carried out by Harlow could be argued â€Å"the suffering was justified because human society benefits greatly from the knowledge†. (Discovering Psychology, p. 212,2010) In conclusion this essay has shown the different approaches both psychologists took, By doing so the essay showed the similarity and differences of both studies. The essay showed that the main underlying issue in the two studies was of ethics and because of this the approaches were very different. However the influential work of Harry Harlow proved that â€Å"contact comfort† was the mechanism for attachment by showing systematically â€Å"that contact comfort was more important than food in the formation of attachment†. Discovering Psychology, p. 206, 2010) This essay also found the similarity in Mary Ainsworth’s studies without approaching the question of ethics, and like Harlow came to a similar conclusion of â€Å"contact comfort†,Also appreciating the safe base theory Finally this essay appreciates the discoveries made by both Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth on producing relevant information through there respective studies. Word count 1518 References : Brace, n. and Byford, j. (eds)Discovering Psycology(2010), Milton Keynes, The Open University. * How to cite Harry Harlow, Papers

Ernest Che Guevara Essay Example For Students

Ernest Che Guevara Essay Ernest Che Guevara Ernesto Guevara de Serna was born in Argentina in 1928 into a fairly privileged family.He developed serious asthma at the age of two, which would plague him throughout his life.He was home-schooled by his mother, Celia de la Serna.It was these early years when he became an eager reader of Marx, Engels, and Freud which all were all part of his fathers library.He went to secondary school in 1941, the Colegio Nacional Dean Funes, Cordoba, where he excelled in literature and sports. At home he was impressed by the Spanish Civil War refugees and by the long series of political crises in Argentina.These culminated in the Left Fascist dictatorship of Juan Peron, to whom the Guevara de la Sernas were opposed.These events and influences implanted ideas of contempt for the charade of parliamentary democracy, a hatred of military politicians and the army, the capitalist oligarchy, and, above all, U.S. imperialism.Although his parents, most notably his mother, were anti-Peronist activists, he did not take participate in revolutionary student movements and showed little interest in politics at Buenos Aires University (1947) where he studied medicine.He focused on understanding his own disease, and later became more interested in leprosy. In 1949 he made the first of his long journeys, exploring northern Argentina on a bicycle.This was the first time Ernesto came into contact with the very poor and the remnants of the Indian tribes.It was during this leave of absence from schooling that Guevara, now nicknamed Che (Italian origin meaning chum or buddy), first experienced the depth of poverty and suffering of his fellows.In 1951, after taking his exams, he made a much longer journey.He visited southern Argentina, Chile, where he met Salvador Allende, and Peru, where he worked for several weeks in the San Pablo leprosarium.He then was in Colombia at the time of La Violencia, and Venezuela and Miami where he was arrested but soon released. He returned home for his finals sure of only one thing: he did not want to become a middle-class general practitioner.He passed, specializing in dermatology, and went to La Paz, Bolivia, during the National Revolution in which he condemned as an opportunist.From there he went to Guatemala, arriving during the socialist Arbenz presidency.It was in Guatemala that he began to earn his living by writing archaeological articles about the Inca and Maya ruins.By then he was already a Marxist, well read in Lenin, and he refused to join the Communist Party.This meant that he would pass up the chance of a government medical appointment.This left him penniless.He moved in with Hilda Gadea, a Marxist of Indian stock who expanded his political education, looked after him, and introduced him to Nico Lopez, one of Fidel Castros lieutenants. While in Guatemala, he saw the CIA at work as the principal agents of counterrevolution.He confirmed, in his view, that Revolution could be made only by armed insurrection.When Arbenz fell, Guevara went to Mexico City (September 1954) where he worked in the General Hospital.Hilda Gadea and Nico Lopez joined him.It was there that he met and was charmed by Raul and Fidel Castro, then political emigres, and realized that in Fidel he had found the leader he was seeking. He joined other Castro followers at the farm wh..ere Alberto Bayo, the Spanish Republican Army Captain, was training Cuban revolutionaries in guerrilla warfare.The Spanish captain drew not only on his own experience, but also on the guerrilla teachings of Mao Tse-tung.Che became his star pupil and was made a leader of the class.The war games at the farm attracted police attention, and all the Cubans and Che were arrested.However, they were released a month later (June 1956). .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe , .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .postImageUrl , .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe , .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe:hover , .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe:visited , .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe:active { border:0!important; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe:active , .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8a13be36de7d43cea10bac8ab9962fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Saratoga EssayWhen the guerillas invaded Cuba, Che went with them, first as doctor, and soon later as a Commandant of the revolutionary army.He was the most aggressive, clever, and successful of the guerrilla officers, and the most earnest in giving his men a Leninist education.He was also a ruthless disciplinarian who unhesitatingly shot defectors, as later he got a reputation for cold-blooded cruelty in the mass execution of recalcitrant supporters of the defeated president Batista.At the triumph of the Revolution, Guevara became second to Fidel Castro in the new government of Cuba, and the man was chiefly responsible for pushing Castro towards communism.It was a communi sm that was independent of the orthodox, Moscow-style communism of some of their colleagues. In 1959, he married Aledia March and together they visited Egypt, India, Japan, Indonesia, Pakistan and Yugoslavia.Back in Cuba, as Minister for Industry (February 1960) he signed a trade pact with the USSR which freed the Cuban sugar industry from dependence on the teeth of the U.S. market.At this time, he glorified his own kind of communist philosophy.He was moving away from Moscow, towards Mao, and beyond into what is essentially the old idealistic, Anarchism.His formal breach with Soviet Communists came when, addressing the Organization for Afro-Asian Solidarity at Algiers (February 1965) he charged the USSR with being a tacit accomplice of imperialism by not trading exclusively with the Communist bloc and by not giving underdeveloped socialist countries aid without any thought of return. Ches unwillingness to compromise towards both capitalist and communist establishment forced Castro to drop him in 1965, not officially, but in practice.For some months his whereabouts were a secret and his death was widely rumored.He was in various African countries, notably the Congo surveying the possibilities of turning the Kinshasa rebellion into a Communist revolution, by Cuban-style guerrilla tactics.He returned to Cuba to train volunteers for that project, and took a force of 120 Cubans to the Congo.His men fought well, but the Kinshasa rebels did not.They were useless against the Belgian mercenaries, and by autumn 1965 Che had to advise Castro to withdraw Cuban aid.Ches final revolutionary adventure was in Bolivia where he grossly misjudged the revolutionary potential of that country with disastrous consequences.The attempt ended in his being captured by a Bolivian army unit and shot a day later. Because of his wild, romantic appearance, his dashing style, and his unwillingness to bend to any kind of establishment, Che became a legend and an idol for the revolutionaryand even the merely discontentedyouth of the later 1960s and early 70s.He was a focus for the kind of desperate revolutionary action which seemed, to millions of young people, the only hope of destroying the world of middle class industrial capitalism and communism.

Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio Essay Example

Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio Essay Smoking is one of the main social problems affected all classes and both genders, different age groups and nationalities. Smoking has become increasingly common among the students and adults affected smokers and non-smokers. The main danger of smoking and importance of strict anti-smoking laws is explained by a negative impact of on health and air conditions. Bowser (2006) states that â€Å"Ohio’s stricter ban has qualified, but signatures are still being counted on the second measure† (p. 28). The examples of the states which passed smoking bans prove benefits and advantages of this policy for community. Thesis Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because of increasing number of smokers per year and increasing number of deaths caused by smoking-related diseases. Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking represents a real danger for health conditions of the majority of the population. Deaths from lung cancer in Ohio increased from around 10,000 a year in the early 1970s to more than 20,000, since when there has been a slow decline. Given the popularity of smoking- at its peak just after the Second World War, some 65 % of men in Ohio smoked- it is not surprising that the discovery of the link between cigarettes and lung cancer has had a major impact on public life and personal behavior. According to the doctors report smoking increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, lungs cancer and miscarriage.   Studies have revealed that over 400,000 people die each year because of diseases caused by smoking. According to the statistical data, the rate of smoking has increased by 30 % during 1993-1997 amongst the college students. Studies show that the measures which can be taken by the colleges authorities in order to reduce the level of s moking amongst the young students. Hanson and Logue (1998) indicate that: We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Bans should be passed in Ohio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"According to a recent report from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the sidestream or passive smoke from cigarettesso-called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)is responsible annually for approximately 3000 lung cancer deaths, between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory ailments in children, and approximately 37,000 heart disease deaths† (p. 1163). Experts believe that taking preventive measures is better than abrupt prohibition from smoking which can cause the opposite effect on the students. The proportion of women smokers remains fairly steady just above 40 per cent as did the tendency of manual workers to smoke more than professionals. Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking violates rights of those people who do not smoke and involuntary inhale smoke.   The discovery of the dangers of ‘passive smoking’ in the 1980s marked the third phase of the tobacco wars and a decisive shift in the anti- smoking campaign. The first indication of this problem came in a paper from Japan in 1981; by 1986 the US Surgeon-General noted that some thirteen studies from five different countries had confirmed an increased risk. The resulting ban on smoking on US domestic air flights and the attendant controversy put the passive smoking issue decisively on the public agenda. The Froggat Committee, an independent scientific committee on smoking and health, estimated that passive smoking caused an increased risk of lung cancer of between 10 and 30 % and recommended restrictions on smoking in workplaces and in public. The case against passive smoking gathered momentum through the 1990s. In 1992 the US Environment al Protection Agency declared ‘environmental tobacco smoke’ (ETS) a carcinogen, or cancer-causing agent. In 1997 the California Environmental Protection Agency added low birth weight babies, cot death, childhood asthma and nasal sinus cancer to the list of conditions caused by ETS. â€Å"Studies suggest, for example, that prenatal or childhood passive exposure to parents smoking significantly increases the risk of childhood and adult cancers (12-15), and nonsmoking spouses of smokers have an increased risk of lung and nasal sinus cancers compared to spouses of nonsmokers† (Brinkman p. 689). Meta-analyses confirmed increased risks of lung cancer (24 %) and coronary heart disease (23 %). Public policy measures such as restrictions on smoking in various public places and stiff excise tax increases seem to be the favorite methods of a much more vocal antismoking movement. Smoking bans in Ohio will be an important step to protect rights of the nonsmoker. For instance, even though cigarette sales were declining in the early 1980s, this decline was far too little and was taking far too long to satisfy the antismoking forces. In this case, smoking bans is one of the most effective measures because historical examples how that nonsmoker rights can be protected only by strict state policies and relegations. Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking increases medical costs (smoking –related diseases and medical insurance) and has a negative impact on organizational resources. Researches demonstrate that secondhand tobacco smoke   harms computer hardwarerequiring more frequent cleaning of the machines, a higher repair ratio, and so on. The evidence suggests persons in data processing may wish to ban smoking from computer rooms, as much for the health of the hardware and software as for that of employees: chips run hotter than normal, disc drives crash, machines require more service, and other problems occur. Around the United States are various businesses that have seen costs drop sharply when smoking is totally banned. Some hotels and motels, free standers and chains, are banning smoking entirely, or setting aside a block of nonsmoking rooms. For instance, Lyndon Sanders runs Non-Smokers Inn in Dallas, Texas. For some employers, it costs $2,400 per year to employ a s moker. Medical costs and low productivity level is another problem caused by smoking. Statistical results show that almost one-fifth of all U.S. deaths can be traced to cigarette smoke or 375,000 deaths. â€Å"CDC (2002) estimates that total expenditures of $861.9 million in 2002 were allocated to tobacco control from national and state sources in the United Sates, or $3.16 per capita† (cited Marlow 2006, p. 573) . This figure does not include the approximate $30 billion annual cost of the tobacco itself. Smoking wastes 7 % of a smokers time on the job. Each smoker, therefore, costs an employer $650 extra in insurance and cleanup costs. Whatever the actual figure, these deaths represent an annual loss of life greater than World War I, the Korean conflict, and the Vietnam conflict combined. Researchers estimate that smoking is responsible for fully half of all mortality caused by fire (1,500 lives lost per year, 4,000 injuries), that is, deaths in apartment fires caused by smoking equal 38 %; hotel and motel fire deaths from smoking equal 32 %; mobile homes, 23 %; residential, 21 %; and private dwellings, 17 %. Researchers estimate every nonsmoker pays $100 annually for medical care for smoking -induced illness (paid largely through taxes and health insurance premiums) (Brinkman et al, p. 689). From a typical nonsmokers view the costs of passive smoking are high. To a typical smoker, the costs of heavy-handed regulation are unacceptable. To a majority of U.S. companies (and more than one-third of government agencies), restrictions or bans on smoking are based upon cost-benefit analysis that shows smoking costs the employer money in terms of employee health and productivity. Many other costs of smoking at work can be calculatedcleaning up offices (ash trays, desk burns, soiled drapes, dirty air filters, carpet damage). Down time for smokers (more frequent breaks and longer breaks) is discussed in later chapters. Just the routine of smoking is a time waster (tamping, lighting up, dropping the ashes). Perhaps the highest cost, other than loss of human life and health, of course, is that of confrontational and adversarial relationships that have become characteristic of the smoking /nonsmoking debate in recent years. These facts suggest that smoking bans will benefit both employees and employers, increase productivity and improve health of workers (Smoke-Free Businesses in Ohio 2006). Smoking bans passed in Ohio will have a positive impact on young generations and reduce a negative impact of advertising and promotion campaigns. The high rate of smoking among college students can be explained by aggressive advertising and promotional activities aimed to increase the size of the market. According to Albaum et al (2002)   â€Å"While levels of teenage smoking have recently shown a slight decrease, high-school smoking rates are more than one-fourth higher than in 1991, and the percentage of frequent high-school smokers has risen approximately 32% during the same time period† (p. 50). For many decades tobacco ads have displayed attractive people smoking-obviously to link good looks with smoking or the use of other tobacco products. There was a time when smoking was seen as sexy or glamorous.   The glamorous ads casting handsome and beautiful models, actually tempts the youngsters to smoke. Tobacco industry focuses on sales promotion more than any other indus try in the world. Companies spend a huge amount of investment to reach adolescents. Adolescents, of 18-24 years, become the main target market for the tobacco industry. The companies distribute free cigarettes outside the concerts and college clubs in order to attract more and more people towards their brands. The industry has also involved the youngster in the promotional activities. These kinds of aggressive promotion activities have drawn a huge number of younger lots to smoking. Promotional activities in bars and night clubs were started during 1980s. The level of tobacco consumption among students was indistinct, but the some field researches show that nearly every college student was involved in those promotional activities during 1990s. It has been predicted that the college students will become main consumers of tobacco in the next few years. The tobacco companies launch their promotional campaign mostly in the urban localities, trying to trap the young consumers through various advertising medium and techniques. Following Ohio’s Senator Eric Fingerhut its much easier to get things done on the state level, because there are fewer people and competing interests to navigate on any issue (Kaufman, p. 66). In this case, even the students who don’t have enough exposure to the bars and night clubs can be influenced by the heavy advertising by different brands. A number of significant anti-tobacco laws have been enacted at the state level over the last eight years, which attempt to control teen access to cigarettes and to place restrictions on smoking in public places. Smoking is still perceived by many youth as adult behavior and a rite of passage into manhood. Long years of smoking mean the addiction is more severe and the habit more ingrainedthus more difficult to break. At the local level, a number of barriers to more effective implementation and enforcement of tobacco control laws were identified by the respondents. In contrast, a number of nonsmokers added strong commentary about banning or restricting smoking in the workplace and passive, secondhand smoke (Houses Own Smoke-Filled Room p. A01). Smoking bans should be passed in Ohio because smoking has a negative impact on air quality and pollution. According to statistical results, the rural benzene concentration is around 0.5 ppb, while the normal range of urban concentrations is 2-10 ppb. This means that the range of daily benzene intake varies by at least a factor of ten, from a few tens to a few hundreds of ÃŽ ¼g. At the low end of this range the atmospheric intake would be dominated by that from food, while at the high end it would exceed that due to food, and be similar to that due to smoking 20 cigarettes per day. A large number of gaseous and particulate air pollutants are produced by tobacco combustion. Of course, the exposure of a smoker is very high compared to a non-smoker, but a smokers exposure is voluntary, whereas a non-smokers is not. Of the more than 4500 compounds found in tobacco smoke, 50 are known or suspected to be carcinogenic. Conventionally, the emissions are classified into mainstream (MTS), sides tream (STS) and environmental (ETS) tobacco smoke (Brinkman et al, p. 689). Mainstream emissions, formed during active puffing, are sucked directly from the end of the cigarette into the mouth; burn temperatures are up to 1000  °C, so thermal NOx is formed, as well as HCN (hydrogen cyanide) and N-nitrosamines (carcinogenic). Most of the components are generated by a combination of pyrolysis and distillation in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Brinkman et al (2002) indicate that â€Å"Indoor benzene concentrations are, respectively, about 50% and 69% higher in smokers homes than in the homes of nonsmokers† (p. 689). Very high concentrations (around 1010 per cm3 of evolved gas) of particles (mode diameter around 0.5 ÃŽ ¼m) are produced. Although these are serious pollutants, they are only inhaled by the smoker. Inhalation of ETS is colloquially known as passive smoking induce effects ranging from eye watering (tearing), increased coughing and phlegm production, allergic reactions through lung cancer to death. There is also evidence for reduced lung function development in children, increased asthma incidence, increased rates of hospitalisation from bronchitis and pneumonia. One study showed that around 17% of lung cancers among non-smokers may be attributed to ETS exposure during childhood. Smoking naturally raises the exhaled concentrations of many substances. Smoking bans will reduce air pollution and improve quali ty of indoor and outdoor air. The facts mentions above prove that smoking bans should be passed in Ohio in order to promote healthy working environment and reduce pollution. Smoking bans will reduce a threat of cancer and diseases caused by smoking. They will protect those people who do not smoke and try to avoid negative impact of smoking on their health. Smoking bans will have a positive impact on economic recourses reducing costs spent on medical insurance and improve productivity. As the most important, they will protect young citizens from negative impact of cigarettes advertising campaigns. Smoking bans will be a part of general policy against pollution and environmental degradation and will help to protect air from contamination.

The Best Scholarships for Juniors in High School

The Best Scholarships for Juniors in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students think that they shouldbegin looking at college scholarships once they actually start applying to college- so some time early in their senior year. Although it’s true that many big-name scholarships require applicants to be high school seniors, there are some great awards out there for younger students as well. So why not get a head start in applying for scholarship awards? You could win money for college, sure, but you’ll also get experience in the scholarship application process before submitting even more applications during your senior year. I’ve compiled a list of scholarships for high school juniors. This list will be a great place to start, but you might also want to search for more targeted awards (e.g., by geographic area). You can browse the scholarships below based on whether they're competitions or merit-based scholarships. Read to the end for tips and strategies on getting the most scholarship money possible! Are you ready for a little (friendly) competition? It's a win-win! You can get application practice, scholarship funding, or both! Essay- and Project-Based Scholarships for Juniors If you have a competitiveside, these scholarship programs might be just the thing to get you motivated! Whether you're a debate pro or a science nerd, you're sure to find a competition right up your alley. Voice of Democracy Scholarship Competition To compete for this scholarship, applicants write and record an audio essay on an annual patriotic theme. The theme for 2019-20 is "What Makes America Great." The first-place winner walks away with a $30,000 scholarship,but runners-up also receive awards. A total of $2.1 million in funding is given out annually. Winners also receive an all-expenses-paid trip to Washington, DC. Eligibility:Students in grades 9-12 Deadline:October 31, 2019 American Legion National High School Oratorical Contest Similar to the Voice of Democracy Scholarship Competition, students compete for this scholarship by writing and performing a three- to five-minute oration on some aspect of the US Constitution. First place takes home $18,000, second place $16,000, and third place $14,000. You can learn more about this year's assigned topics here. Eligibility:High school students under 20 years of age Deadline: Varies by state; check with your local American Legion Department The Fountainhead Essay Contest Are you an Ayn Rand fan? Or have you readThe Fountainhead for school? Then you've already done the lion's share of the work for this scholarship competition! Students compete for this award by writing an essay on one of three topics related toThe Fountainhead(you can check out this year's topics here). The first-place winner is awarded a grand prize of $10,000, although runners-up also receive prizes. In total, this program gives out $22,500 annually. (This is a cash prize, so you'll receive the money personally.) Eligibility: Students in grades 11-12 Deadline:April 25, 2019 Gen and Kelly Tanabe Scholarship This is a smaller scholarship, but it's also pretty easy to compete for- all you have to do is write a 250-word personal statement. You can even reuse an essay you wrote for class, another scholarship, or a college application.The applicant who submits the highest-quality essay wins a $1,000 scholarship. Eligibility: US students in grades 9-12 Deadline: July 31, 2019 (for the spring 2019 cycle) John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Essay Contest Do you follow US politics? Then this competition might be the one for you. Students compete by writing an essay that demonstrates their understanding of JFK's description of political courage. You can get more detailed information on this year's essay topic hereand evenread past winning essays to get an idea of what's expected of applicants. Award amounts range from $100 all the way up to $10,000. Eligibility:US students in grades 9-12 Deadline:Likely January 2020 Do you fancy yourself a bit of a bookworm? Merit-Based Scholarships for Juniors These scholarships are still competitions in that you and a bunch of other applicants are vying for a limited amount of funds. But instead of being evaluated on your oratorical or scientific acumen, you'll be evaluated on personal qualities. Some of these scholarships heavily value scholarship, whereas others value leadership or community service (or even a combination of both!). William Randolph Hearst Foundation US Senate Youth Program This is a bit of a specialty scholarship program- it's meant for students who are serving in student government and plan on taking government courses in college. Applicants are judged on their leadership abilities, academics, clear speech, logical thought, community involvement, and extracurriculars. A total of 104 award winners receive $10,000 each as well asan all-expenses-paid trip to a conference in Washington, DC, from March 7 to March 14, 2020. Eligibility: Students in grades 11-12 Deadline:Varies by statebut usuallyin October each year Carson Scholars Program To be a competitive applicant for this scholarship, you must demonstrate academic excellence in addition to a dedication to serving your community. The minimum GPA eligibility requirement is 3.75/4.00. If you'd like to be considered for this award, you must be nominated by an educator at your school, and only one nomination per school is allowed. Winners receive a $1,000 prize. Schools can request an applicationhere. Eligibility: Students in grades 4-11 Deadline:N/A (students do not enter the program but are nominated by their school) National Merit Scholarship If you're a junior in high school, chances are you've already taken the PSAT. But did you know that by just taking that test, you've already started the process of entering yourself into this scholarship competition? Students compete for this award by striving to get a top PSAT score (depending on your state, you'll need a Selection Index scoreof 212 or higher to qualify). You must then submit an application with other standard scholarship information. The competition gives out$2,500awards to about 7,500students every year (with corporate and institutional sponsors giving outadditional awards). For more info, check outour guide to winning the National Merit Scholarship. Eligibility: 11th graders who have taken the PSAT (10th graders may take the PSAT but are ineligible for the scholarship) Deadline: N/A (you are automatically entered upon taking the PSAT in 11th grade) Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Like most things in life, you'll be most successful with your scholarship applications if you employ some solid long-term strategies. 3 Tips for Getting the Most Scholarship Money Possible If you're starting the scholarship application process in 11th grade, you've got a long road ahead of you. This is a good thing! Scholarship programs have varying requirements, deadlines, and expectations, so the earlier you get started, the better chance you'll have of getting money. Below are our top tips to help youwin the most scholarship money you can as a junior. #1: Do Your Own Research It's great to get started with larger national scholarships, but as you might imagine, the competition gets pretty fierce when you're dealing with these noteworthy scholarship programs. Even if you're a very strong applicant for a particular award, chances are that you could be a very strong applicant for a particular scholarship and still not win award money if the program is particularly competitive. The more independent research you do into smaller, tailored scholarship programs, the better your chances will be of getting funding for school. That isn't to say you shouldn't apply to the big scholarships- you definitely should!- but you should also have some smaller "safety" awards.The more niche a scholarship program is, the better chances you'll have of winning an award (assuming you're a qualified applicant, that is). So do your own research on scholarship programs that operate in your area or are offered to students with your particular interests and passions. The easiest way is toGoogle scholarships in your area.If you have a particular talent, skill, interest, or identity, search for scholarships that are offered to students based on those criteria. You can also talk with your guidance counselor who should have more information about local scholarships and how to apply for them. #2: Apply Broadly This is another strategy designed to increase your odds of coming out of the process with some extra college money in your pocket. Basically, apply to as many scholarships as possible. Many scholarship applications ask similar questions and require similar information, soif you apply to one program, you might as well apply to several.It's free to apply for most scholarships, so all it takes from you is a few hours of your time. For example, the Gen and Kelly Tanabe Scholarship listed above will let you use a personal statement from class or even another application, meaning you can kill two birds with one stone! #3: Make Note of Deadlines Many scholarships are due before college applications.As such, it's better to start your scholarship search earlier rather than later so you don't miss out on any great opportunities. This is especially true for scholarships geared toward high school seniors. If you're looking into scholarships now, this is the perfect time to get a jump-start on some of the bigger scholarships for 12th graders. You can keep track of application deadlines by keeping a spreadsheet that you update regularly. This is helpful if applications require you to ask for letters of recommendation. In that case, be sure togive your teachers and mentors plenty of advance notice to write you a letter. What's Next? If you want to get a head start on scoping out scholarships, check out our comprehensive guides to winning some of the most competitivenational scholarships available. Learn more about theCoca-Cola Scholarship, theGates Scholarship, theWalmart Scholarships, and theMcDonald's Scholarships. Got a super high SAT or ACT score? Then you might be interested in learning how to apply for college scholarships based on your SAT/ACT scores. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Acute Health Effect Definition

Acute Health Effect Definition An acute health effect is the effect caused by the initial exposure of a hazardous chemical on a human or animal body. When a hazardous materials acute health effect is listed, the effects are generally severe and dangerous adverse effects, but subside after the exposure stops. In contrast, chronic health effects persist following exposure, even if the exposure stops. Acute health effects typically appear immediately or shortly after exposure and occur after relatively high exposure to a hazardous substance. Examples of Acute Health Effects Common examples of acute health effects include: Allergic reactions (including anaphylactic shock)IrritationRashes or dry skinBurnsDermatitisMetal fume feverLethal Concentration (LC)LC50Hearing loss Note dermatitis may also occur as a chronic health effect. Lethal concentration is the amount of a substance that is immediately dangerous to life and may cause death. LC50 is the concentration of a substance that causes death to one half or 50% of test subjects.

Principles of Architectural Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Architectural Structures - Essay Example The design also encompasses forces and movements as a result of temperature, cracking, creep, as well as imposed loads (Dabby & Bedi 2012, p.5). The structural design should also make sure that the design is buildable practically within the allowable material’s manufacturing tolerances. The design of the structure should also give room for fitting and functionality of systems such as smoke extraction, air conditioning, lighting among others. Structural design, in general, has a role of making the structure suitable for living in all dimensions. Various components of a structure are used in enhancing the suitability of the structure. This is brought about by the choice of materials to build these components, design as well as other basic processes (Bach 2009, p.9). They are done technically to impact a certain aspect that will help the structure to achieve the required standards as discussed in the document below. The document also addresses the use of reinforced concrete in solving various structural essentials. Reinforced concrete  is basically  a composite material whereby concrete that has relatively low ductility, and tensile strength are counteracted by the reinforcement inclusion with higher ductility and tensile strength. This as an aspect in return makes the reinforced concrete very strong and hence a suitable building material. Reinforced concrete  can be classified among  the types of building materials. The architecture needs to be keen in choosing the construction materials. The choice of building materials should be on the basis of the required properties of the structure. In this scenario, reinforced concrete will be used to solve the problem of the aspects such as thermal and acoustic performance, durability, fire resistance, and load resistivity among others (Emmitt et al. 2004, p.37). In terms of load resistivity reinforced concrete outdo all the other building materials such as wood and steel. This

Summary of strategic strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary of strategic strategy - Essay Example For instance, Apple has gone through three different versions of the iPhone, each time introducing new capabilities into the product. Therefore, new technology can continuously be integrated into the product. In the past five years, they have tripled their sales. Although this has occurred with the return of Jobs at the helm of Apple Jobs, like Apple, believes that innovation is very important when it comes to new products. The idea of the iphone came when Apple realized how much most and individuals did not like their cell phones. Apple saw an opportunity to make a great phone that everybody would want to use again and again. This is often how Apple comes up with ideas for products. They see an opening in the market and decide to make the best product possible to fit in with that need. Apple believes in making sure all of its products are excellent. Furthermore, Apple wishes to inspire its employees by letting them know that they can do things the Apple they would not be able to do anywhere else. Apple also believes in hiring the best people in order to give them a piece of the business and the thin do as they please with it. They want their employees to make excellent decisions and contribute to the company overall. Furthermore, Apple police and always working hard are in hard are to make the best products possible. ... Book Analysis: Our textbook describes a company's importance as far as setting goals is concerned. It can be argued that Apple definitely sets goals, but unlike the structures presented in the book, they tend to use their own approach. As mentioned in the article analysis, Apple likes to find an area and the market that one could consider a whole. When the fullest discovered, Apple then dressed of formal product that will fill that need. The Iphone has been the perfect example of this. As Apple realize people were generally unhappy with their cell phones, they set the goal of coming up with a better cell phone.When Apple sets a goal, they tend to stick with the school. They do not tend to diversify, which is against many of the ideas presented in the textbook. Apple has found that by concentrating on a few products they are better able to meet their consumers happy. Apple believes that diversification will make them spread themselves too thin, and therefore, their products will not be as good or a successful.The book also mentions that the company should agree on performance measures. Apple however says that likes to hire people who are never satisfied. Apple's sphere of satisfaction comes with the fact that they believe satisfaction may reduce one's ability to perform or set better goals. Therefore, they strive to do better and better no matter how good their performance measures currently are. This information conflicts with the information that is presented in the book.One item of the book that Apple does agree with is the concept of making business strategies flexible. This can be seen with the various concepts that had been

The romantic period and the poems of Blake Essay Example for Free

The romantic period and the poems of Blake Essay The Romantic Period which lasted 1785 to 1830 was a significant period that made a paramount contribution to the growth of English language and literature. The writers of the Romantic period were influenced by historical events such as the French revolution. Thus the Romantic period was shaped by a multitude of political, social, and economic changes. Many writers of the period were aware of a pervasive intellectual and imaginative climate which some called as Zeitgeist: Spirit of the age. Some poets call themselves as visionary bards who had the capability to prognosticate the future. There are six major writers that represent in the concepts of the Romantic period by names: Wordsworth, Keats, Percy Shelly, Byron, Coleridge and Blake. The work of these writes can be categorized under different themes. William Blake was a poet who lashed out against repression in all its many forms. The plight of the oppressed, be it the wretched child condemned to the drudgery of chimney sweeping, the hapless soldier, the youthful harlot or the robin redbreast in a cage moved him to a furious advocacy of liberty and the repudiation of reason which was seen as having a tyrannical hold on man preventing him from breaking out of the bonds that held him. Blakes Chimney sweeper in the songs of experience, crying weep, weep in notes of woe that his parents oblivious to the poor creatures suffering are gone to praise God and his priest and king/ who make a heaven of our misery. According to the boys words it is possible to deduce that it is their false reasoning that blinds them to the chimney sweepers plight; And because I am happy, dance and sing / they think they have done me no injury. Thus while openly criticizing and rejecting the traditionally accepted figures of authority the poet subtly shows that the tyrannical system is maintained by reason. Blakes Garden of Love clearly exhibits how the church has become a harmful to the people while creating disillusionment in the poets mind. The church is openly criticized by Blake for not being truly religious but being a pernicious institution The Garden indicates the romantic symbols of joy and innocence. But in the middle of the garden A chapel has been built. The graves indicate the death of that joy and innocence. Among Blakes work the poem which manifests this theme best is London. The poet is looking at the marks of weakness, marks of woe plainly etched on the faces of the passes by. As the poem develops the causes for the suffering of the Londoners are made clear. Blake accuses the blackening church for the sorrow of the innocent chimney sweepers. The hapless soldiers life is frittered away by the rulers and the young women with no means of sustenance are forced into eking out a meager living through the dangerous trade of harlotry. London echoes and resounds with cries of suffering and marks of weakness, marks of woe apparent on every face the bard encounters manifest the complete permeation of suffering in London society. However, this is also a society where there not only exists Institutionalized religion and governance but these very authority figures suppress the growth of the society by burdening it with manifold sufferings and turning a deaf ear to the protests of the people. Unfortunately, the troubles of London are not limited to a socio-political sphere. If so they could have been righted by revolution. The greatest enemy the Londoners face is the mind forged manacles which prevent them from moving on to a better life. How does one fight a foe firmly wedged in ones mind, restraining growth? Blakes songs of innocence are peopled with children, rural folk and harmless animals like lambs. They are characteristically joyful and innocent enjoying all they see and experience. Their state is one filled with unsophisticated spirituality and optimism. The Lamb is written in the form of a childs monologue with a sheep. The innocence of the child, its simple enjoyment of the beauty of nature and the close communion it has with nature is apparent in the guileless act of speaking to an animal. The child finds delight in the sheeps soft and bright fleece, and its tender voice. The child in its innocence poses one of the most profound questions that have been troubling humanity for millennia: that of origin, Little lamb who made thee? / Dost thou know who made thee? However, the child answers its own question with a strong simple belief in the Christian teachings, He is called by thy name / for he calls himself a lamb Enjoying the simple beauty and safety of un-fallen nature the child finds it possible to connect Jesus and God the creator with the world around itself. The state of innocence inherent in the child coupled with his lack of experience in evil prevents him from questioning the existence of cruel powers as the adult persona of The Tiger does, Did he who make the lamb make thee (tiger)? Another poem of Blakes which manifests the innocent spirituality of children and the noble savage is The Little Black Boy. Seated under a tree shading them from the tropical sun the mother teaches spirituality and Gods Infinite love to her little Negro son. The boy is taught to regard sun shine as a part of Gods love giving off light and heat to the flowers and trees and beasts and men. Thus the boy learns to view all things in nature as a part of Gods kingdom, receiving his love and protection. The colour of the skin is viewed as a temporary covering to be shed when souls have learnt to bear Gods love. The Negro boy sees spiritual love as a force common to all, transcending barriers of color and race. Therefore he is ready to teach this lesson of eternal love and grace to the white boy of whom the poet gives the impression as not being so innocent and worthy of Gods love as the black boy who will shade from the heat till the former is spiritually developed and capable of facing Gods love. Thus drawing on the objects of nature such as the sun, clouds, flora and fauna the little black boy builds up a spiritual message on unconditional love in the afterlife. The antithetical states of innocence and experience, their relative merits and demerits were of deep concern to Blake as portrayed through his songs of innocence and experience. The state of innocence abounds with joy, optimism and love but is sullied by its nai ve, rose tinted outlook on life. In The Little Black Boy the innocent purity of the little boys belief in divine love and the promise of a better life in the world hereafter are endearing. With a great deal of tender maternal love his mother teachers him the greater lesson of divine love. The poet draws a touching and interesting picture of the mother and the son engaged in their lessons under a tree. The boys belief and practice of love surpasses barriers of race and color as he will look after the English boy, shading him from the heat, till he can bear / to lean in joy upon our fathers knee. It is a touching and moving picture of humanity and piety but although the little back boy discards racial barriers due to his inexperience, the negative effects of racial discrimination are nevertheless apparent through his words. The little black boys attitude towards the English boy appears to be rather subservient throughout despite the fact that the former seems fuller of Christian virtues. It is a society where fairness is clearly associated with goodness and darkness with its opposite. This becomes apparent in the lines, White as an angel is the English child, / But I am black, as if bereaved of light. These lines are innocently uttered by the boy with no bitterness but the connotations of racial discrimination are present in them. The black boy persisting in his belief that in the after life both black and white will be equal, phrases this view in a manner which once again brings out the effects of the color bar, And be like him (the white boy) and he will love me. This gives rise to several questions such as, why cannot the white boy be like the black boy and not vice versa? Is the white boy only capable of loving the God? Even though Blake was added to the romantic period after poetry his poetry make a huge contribution to the Romantic ideas and views.

Consilience, by Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig :: Philosophy Term Research Papers

The Philosophy of Science in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig Introduction The plot where the fields of science, ethics and religion intersect is fertile for study, and the crops it yields often represent the finest harvest of an individualà ­s mind. In our time, modern philosophers of science have tilled this soil and reaped widely differing and important conclusions about the nature of humankind, its relationship to the natural world and the role that science should take in the discernment process. Through the comparison and contrasting of three important worldviewsà ³as expressed in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsigà ³the seeds of philosophy and faith can be sown in the budding scientistà ­s psyche, and a bumper crop of beliefs cultivated. History of the Philosophy of Science The surest foundation for the origin of science in its practical form is to be found in the à ¬co–rdination and standardization of the knowledge of common sense and of industry.à ®[1] One of the first occurrences of this co–rdination can be traced back to 2500 BCE in the form of edicts from the ancient Babylonian rulers, who issued royal standards of length, weight and capacity. Non-Semitic Sumerians also laid down the elements of mathematics and geometry at that time, making use of fractions, decimals, circles and radial angles. But knowledge as we know it today was tightly woven with magical notions, and as both spread westward they instilled in European thought a reverence for à ¬special numbers, their connections to the gods and the application of geometrical diagrams to the prediction of the future.à ®[2] As well, the ancient Babylonians were fascinated by the heavens. They were the first to make a map of the stars and associate them with animals like the Ram, Crab and Scorpion, names that we still use to this day. They also realized the periodicity and reliability of astronomical movement and phenomena, and were soon able to predict many of them. Tablets have been found dating to the sixth century BCE that predicted the relative positions of the sun and moon, as well as forecasted the occurrences of eclipses.[3] Out of all this knowledge the Babylonians built up a fantastic system of astrology, through which the starsà ³which were thought to fix and foretell the course of human affairsà ³would give up their secrets. Consilience, by Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Pirsig :: Philosophy Term Research Papers The Philosophy of Science in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig Introduction The plot where the fields of science, ethics and religion intersect is fertile for study, and the crops it yields often represent the finest harvest of an individualà ­s mind. In our time, modern philosophers of science have tilled this soil and reaped widely differing and important conclusions about the nature of humankind, its relationship to the natural world and the role that science should take in the discernment process. Through the comparison and contrasting of three important worldviewsà ³as expressed in Consilience, by E. O. Wilson, Life is a Miracle by Wendell Berry and Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsigà ³the seeds of philosophy and faith can be sown in the budding scientistà ­s psyche, and a bumper crop of beliefs cultivated. History of the Philosophy of Science The surest foundation for the origin of science in its practical form is to be found in the à ¬co–rdination and standardization of the knowledge of common sense and of industry.à ®[1] One of the first occurrences of this co–rdination can be traced back to 2500 BCE in the form of edicts from the ancient Babylonian rulers, who issued royal standards of length, weight and capacity. Non-Semitic Sumerians also laid down the elements of mathematics and geometry at that time, making use of fractions, decimals, circles and radial angles. But knowledge as we know it today was tightly woven with magical notions, and as both spread westward they instilled in European thought a reverence for à ¬special numbers, their connections to the gods and the application of geometrical diagrams to the prediction of the future.à ®[2] As well, the ancient Babylonians were fascinated by the heavens. They were the first to make a map of the stars and associate them with animals like the Ram, Crab and Scorpion, names that we still use to this day. They also realized the periodicity and reliability of astronomical movement and phenomena, and were soon able to predict many of them. Tablets have been found dating to the sixth century BCE that predicted the relative positions of the sun and moon, as well as forecasted the occurrences of eclipses.[3] Out of all this knowledge the Babylonians built up a fantastic system of astrology, through which the starsà ³which were thought to fix and foretell the course of human affairsà ³would give up their secrets.

La Relacion and of Plymouth Plantation Compare and Contrast

In the 1400's, 1500's, and 1600's explorers came from Europe to the New World. They came across some of the same challenges and accomplishments, but they also had different experiences as well. In the story La Relacion by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, you can catch a glimpse of these similarities and differences. Although the Pilgrims and Spaniards had differences they were more alike. While La Relacion encounter a lot of sympothy from the Natives, Of Plymouth Plantation encounters a tradition we use now. Their arrival on the island they both landed during the winter, but had different journies.After four days at sea, Cabeza de Vaca's ship was caught by a storm. Many of his men died or were unconscious. They weren't equipped with good food or winter clothes, since they sailed during the cold winter season. Only a few men were left standing after their boat shattered, most of them regained consciousness when they came ashore.On the other ha nd, the Pilgrims landed safely, for that they thanked god. They too arrived during winter. Because of the weather, it took them a while to restore and remodel there boat. It was hard and almost impossible for them to explore the island by going up in the mountains so they had to do it by foot.They should have been been more wise and prepared but they weren't. The challenges they had getting to the island weren't exactly the same but they both did come across certain obstacles. Thier first exposures to the Native Indians were very distinct.The Spaniards seeked help from the Indians, and the Pilgrims were distant, not interacting. The Spaniards persued nourishment and the Indians were helpful towards them even after getting robbed by the Cabeza de Vaca's men. The Indians treated them kindly. They fed them the best they possible could and everyday if possible. The Pilgrims at first were robbed by the indians.There relationship was rocky in the beginning, they kept killing each others m en. Suprisingly they were approached by one of the Indian men than spoke broken english. Later on a few more started coming around, to the point where all the indians began getting along with the pilgrims. Even though both first thought of the Indians as savages, they both got along with them. They had different experiences getting to know the Indians, but their relationship with them was the same. What they did with the indians or what they were made to do, were very diffferent from one another.The Indians thought the Spaniards need to be sacraficed to their idol, so the Spaniards begged not to be killed and to be given another task. The Indians had a lot of sympothy toward Cabeza de Vaca and his men that instead they made them â€Å"medicine-men†.Even though they were'nt really into the idea, they learned the Indians techniques. After getting along the Pilgrims became more social with the Indians, but just in case anything happened they set regulations and rules amongst the m so that there wouldn't be any crimes not punished. After setting these rules, they had their first small harvest which we now call â€Å"Thanksgiving†.

The power of the Asantehene

The Ashanti people constitute one of the major tribes in Ghana. Sustainable Development is synergistic with political stability in Africa. Currently, Ghana is trying to bring a balance between traditional leadership which still exists as one of Africa’s richest and oldest monarchy and the modern democracy that has been successfully achieved after the turbulent political past.Most African communities held traditional posts before annexation by the European, but they discarded these roles after independence, adapting instead, the office of a state president. The presence of the Ashanti king also called the Asantehene, is of controversy because Ghana also holds democratic elections and elects a president who is expected to lead the country.The Ashanti king is the symbol of unity for the Ashanti tribes who are the most influential and populous in the country. Past governments have supported the role of the Ashanti king and have supported the revenues and royalties that are given t o him by the different clans. As such, the Ashanti king has remained economically powerful.This thesis will seek to determine the role and the political power of the Ashanti king in Ghana and his influence in the local and regional politics as opposed to the president. The thesis will also evaluate his significance to the Ashanti people and the power and allegiance the people pay to him.I will seek to demonstrate his position in the international community as compared to the elected presidents’ role.Theoretical discussionDuring the fifteenth century, the Europeans were competing for resources to fund their military expansions as well as to take meet the needs of their growing populations. Different empires from Europe explored to different regions including Africa and discovered the vast resources that the continent had to offer. Their interests changed from those of merely exploring the regions to wealth acquisition (Jackson, 154).West Africa had their initial contact with t he Portuguese in 1470 when the first group landed on the shores of the gold coast forming a trading post for the regions timber, gold and ivory and then converting it to the more profitable slave trade.The region became a hot spot with various countries clamoring to secure the unexploited resources for themselves. The French, the British the Swedish and the Danish communities all rushed to the area competing for trade in any of the resources in West Africa.Ghana’s Ashanti people led by Opemsuo Osei Tutu had already established a growing empire before colonization. The origin of the Ashanti monarchical kingdom arose out of a coalition of the people occupying the Pra and Ofin basins. These basins are located in the Twifo and Adanse regions.The specific clans that formed the coalition to come up with the formidable kingdom were the Aduana, the Asene clan, the Oyoko, the Ekoona and the Bretuo clan. The Denkyiras were among the clans that joined the coalition later after being def eated in warfare. The kingdom was established who succeeded in his attempts of forming a unified force of all the Ashanti states (Goldstein, 238).These states were brought together through a common allegiance to the Golden Stool which is also referred to as the Sika Agua Kofi. It is the symbol of a common soul and heritage for the Ashanti people.Social and cultural changes have been evident in many African communities. African communities had established different political systems that were mainly tribal. After colonization and independence, they developed more unifying political positions which were not founded on tribal tenets but were representative of the whole state.Modernization led Ghana to implement a central democratic government after independence in 1957. This was initially led by Kwame Nkrumah and represented the interest of the country at the international arena.Ghana has continued to support and hold its traditional governance roles while it has also adapted modernity trends by implementing a state position for a democratically elected president. Even after independence, Ghana did not dispense with the traditional role of the Ashanti king and though his main role was leading the people into war, his office has remained mainly ornamental, but the royalties and the revenues he collected are still being demanded from the people of Ghana (Ward, 242).The power of the Ashanti kingdom can be traced back to the colonization era when they formed a common empire in their attempts to resist the British. The power and skills that they held allowed them vast dominion over Ghana allowing them expansion in the area.They entered in to endless wrangles with the British who were more interested in amassing the residents’ wealth for themselves and in 1873 Kumasi which was the epicenter of the Ashanti was captured. After unsuccessfully trying to ward of the British, the British managed to exile King Prempeh.They however realized that they still did have cont rol over the Ashanti since the power and authority was symbolized by the stool which was still with the people. The British mandated the people to hand over the golden stool and this was met with a resistance that even the British had not foreseen (Davidson, 182). This led to wide uprisings and the eventual treaty that saw the area being declared as part of the British protectorate, gold coast.The reign of the Asantehene symbolizes a neo-colonial African government which was able to establish itself as an empire within the region and assume control over a lot of populations in Africa (Jackson, 180).It amassed vast masses of wealth and went on to use these resources to establish one of the best military forces in Africa that successfully posed a challenge to the colonization by the British.Though the political system of the Ashanti has been accused of marginalizing its people by leading them into religious sects and exploiting them by dictatorial rule it is still significant in today ’s society and the values and cultures of the kingdom are inculcated in the day to day affairs of the government and the people (Gocking, 163).In the past, the king was mainly responsible for positioning his people in battle and to this end the king established a strong military force which was responsible for the resulting victories at over other governments as well as in ensuring the entire kingdoms security.The continual overthrow of neighboring territories ensured that the kingdom expanded and increased its pool of resources over all other governments in the region. The king also established a national holidays for example the Odwira festival which is celebrated annually.The role of the king has changed with time (Goldstein, 238). The current king of the Ashanti, who is called Otumfuo Osei Tutu II, committed his reign to improving the national unity of the Ghanaian people. He has committed himself to, issues regarding education, improving land reform and enriching the env ironment. The kings’ role is merely that of implementing a seemingly traditional justice within the Ashanti territory.The relationship between the king and the government has been supportive as evidenced by the relationship between the support that the president of Ghana Ignatius Acheampong gave to the Asantehene Opoku Ware in 1970’s after Ghana acquired independence over the disputes which emerged due to the costs of constructing the kings palace.This is mainly because the Ashanti people have amassed great wealth over the years and currently constitute majority of the governments’ opposition wielding a lot of political power and affluence (Ward, 253).The Asantehene has demonstrated support for the democratically elected president, John Kofuor who is the first president to be elected without violence in the country. The king recently warned the former president Mr. Rawlings and his party against uttering derogatory comments aimed at the current president Kofuor and his government (Davidson, 115).

human origins essays

human origins essays For years, the evolution of human beings has been researched and studied. In today's society, there are many different interpretations on creation and how humans came to be what they are today. Through much scientific evidence and studies, there is now physical proof that human beings may have evolved from ape-like creatures. Even with this, there are still disputes in the paleoanthropological field of whether or not this is true. Still, many choose to believe their religious creation stories where a God created humans. Whether it is Johanson's idea on human evolution or Leakey's or even the Roman Catholic's creation story, all are an individual own interpretation and neither wrong nor right. A paleanthropologist by the name of Donald Johanson is one of the many who have a very different view on the origin of humans. In 1974, he discovered forty percent of an individual dating back to 3.5 million years ago. The individual, Australopithecus afarensis or "Lucy" is believed to be the common ancestor of the true Homo and Australopithecus lines. A year later, in 1975, Johanson found the remains of thirteen individuals who may have possibly died in a flood. They were named the "First Family" and were dated to be between 3 and 4 million years old. They were also Australopithecus afarensis. Announcing his conclusions in 1979, Johanson believed that Australopithecus afarensis was the root to both the australopithecine's and Homo lines. He concluded that afarensis evolved into three different directions. One was Australopithecus africanus and the other Australopithecus robustus and boisei. Both became extinct. The last direction it took was Homo habilis (million years ago) who b ecame Homo erectus (1.7 million years ago) and then Homo sapiens (300,000). Ultimately, his theory makes reasonable sense and may in fact be true. However, Richard Leakey did not seem to think so. In 1961, Jonathan Leakey, Richard Leakey's brother ha ...

Job Analysis, Recruitment and Selection Project. Arab Bank in UAE Essay

Job Analysis, Recruitment and Selection Project. Arab Bank in UAE - Essay Example For the purpose of conducting job analysis, two methods have been taken into consideration namely, critical incident method and interviewing. Critical incident method is very effective in gaining the required information related to the task. It is task oriented and helps in providing the needed information. Interviewing is a popularly used method and has proved to be effective in the process. Interviewing the candidates has proved to be effective because the information is generated directly from the person. Creating the pool of the candidates is very essential as the candidates need to be aware of the vacancies and the job responsibilities before applying for the job. Advertisement and employee referral methods have been used for this purpose. Among the various means of advertisement, online recruitment has been taken into consideration to increase the efficiency of the recruitment process. Employee referral method is another way of creating the pool of candidates. Here, the existin g employees refer to a particular candidate. This is also very effective because it helps in getting the right candidate in less expense. Different measures have been adopted to conduct the selection procedure. The KSAOs (knowledge, skill, abilities as well as the other qualities) analysis is done through the various measures such as tests related to the clerical, the administrative and the organisational ability of the candidates, role play and personal interview. Conclusively, the organisation’s initiatives that can be taken in relation to enhancing the chances of the candidates’ to gain success have also been discussed. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Job Analysis Related To the Secretary of the Bank 6 Methods Used for Conducting Job Analysis 8 Critical Incident Method 8 Interviewing 9 Creating Pool of Candidates for Bank’s Secretary Post 11 Advertising Method 11 Employee Referral Method 12 Measures Adopted for Selection Procedure for the Post of Secretary Position 13 Tests Related To the Clerical Ability of the Candidates 13 Role Play 14 Personal Interview 15 Enhancing the Chances of Candidates’ Success 16 Conclusion 18 References 19 Appendices 21 Questionnaire 21 Arab Bank Advertisement 22 Introduction The paper will study the job analysis, recruitment and selection process of the secretary position in Arab Bank in UAE. This bank has been the part of the banking sector of UAE since 14 July in the year 1930. Abdel Hameed Shoman is the founder of the Arab Bank (Arab Bank UAE, 2011). The bank is oriented to the monetary dealings and is devoted in improving the economical condition of the citizens of UAE. The secretary plays an important role in the organization. The position for the secretary of the bank demands the ability of dealing with certain varied tasks which come by and provide with required support to the senior managers. The job responsibility of the secretary of the banks is to perform administrative duties in order to help the bank to perform better in effective and efficient ways. The paper includes the steps that are followed while performing the job analysis process for the secretary position and the different selection processes which are used for the selection of correct candidate. The study also intends to include the advantages and disadvantages of the methods which are used for the purpose of selection procedure. It will help in analyzing the responsibilities of the position and with the

Nantucket Nectars Case Study Memo structure Essay - 1

Nantucket Nectars Case Study Memo structure - Essay Example The analysis will be carried out by the use of the net present value method. The reason as to why the method has been used is the fact that the method makes use of discounted cash flows and there is a clearly decision criteria that should be used in the making of a decision. The present value for the future projected incomes for the company is equivalent to $20,662.79. That will mean that the decision that will be made by Nantucket Nectar should bear into mind the net present value obtained. That means if the company decides to float shares, the income should be greater than $ 20662.79, if the managers decide to sell the company, the best price should be greater than $20662.79. Nantucket Nectar should consider the bids that are been offered and the company should also calculate the amount of money that will arise from the initial public offer. The value that should be considered should be greater than $ 20662.79 and that will form the basis for making the decision since the best offer should be taken by the company. If none of the offers turn out to be more profitable, then the company should be maintained at its current state (Gerald et al,

Developing a question and identifying a problem Essay

Developing a question and identifying a problem - Essay Example Therefore, nurses would need some form of training. Critically thinking, they would need an advanced training aside from their formal training on basic nursing. In retrospect, does this form of advanced training in prevention of patient falls impact on patient outcomes compared to no training? Patient falls present a significant physical health risk to the patient. Additionally, the complications that arise from patient falls incur significant hospital costs to both the patient and the hospital. The patient would have to incur extra costs for the management of the complications of the falls, whereas the hospital would put forth extra resources necessary for the management of potential complications of the fall. Besides, health care institutions could face a lawsuit with concomitant legal implications. Patient falls within health care institution in an occurrence that needs to be considered with utmost concern. Therefore, this paper will explore falls among elderly patients, its impact on the work environment, and quality of care, patient outcomes, and its significance to nursing and proposed solution. Falls in long-term care institutions and health care facilities are common. Tack, Ulrich and Kehr (2010), observe that approximately 25.5% of patients who experienced a fall had a neurological condition. Additionally, they opine that neurological patients are considered as among the high risk population. Elderly patients present with a number of neurological conditions attributed to age and lifestyle. For instance, Snijders , Van de Warrenburg , Giladi and Bloem (2010), observe that gait disorders are prevalent among the elderly can present devastating health outcomes such as reduced quality of life, increased incidence of falls and increase in mortality. Neurological diseases diagnosed in elderly patients exist with other clinical conditions. Lauretani, et al. (2014) posits that Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly could present with extrapyramidal signs

Compare The Grid And Air Gap Techniques Information Technology Essay

Compare The Grid And Air Gap Techniques Information Technology Essay The research design for this study is of a comparative quantitative, quasi-experimental nature. The rationale for this comparative study is to see what effect two different anti-scatter techniques have on image quality. The properties that make this a quasi-experimental study are manipulation of specific variables and control in experimentation and testing (Parahoo, 2006). True experimental research is characterised by three properties: manipulation, control and randomisation (Parahoo, 2006). As the researcher will not randomise any variables, this study is considered as quasi-experimental and not a true experimental study. In this research manipulation was achieved since a standard anti-scatter technique was compared to an air gap technique adapted for the projection of the hip in the lateral position. Exposure factor variables were also manipulated using an automatic exposure control (AEC). Control was maintained by testing the two techniques under the same conditions using the same research tools. Furthermore, the researcher kept control of the study by testing only the anti-scatter techniques on one specific projection. Therefore the results achieved by this study are specific to the lateral hip projection. However, the principle could be applied to other projections in order to discover which technique works better in providing good image quality in that specific projection. 3.3 Research Method 3.3.1 Background of the study The following methodology was adapted from a study carried out in the United Kingdom by Goulding (2006) who looked at the air gap and the grid technique used to image the hip laterally in the University Hospital she trained in. The study was conducted with the help of reporting radiographers in the Accident and Emergency (AE) department where they performed both grid and air gap technique as routine projections on patients. Goulding (2006) looked at image quality by attaining the hip radiographs performed with both anti scatter techniques separately. Goulding (2006) collected her data by asking reporting radiographers to comment on these radiographs. In Gouldings (2006) study the radiographs on which she based her findings and results were conducted on patients of different size and this may have lacked reliability due to different exposure factors used for each examination, different patient dose depending on patient size as well as image quality. Using a similar methodology in this study the researcher assessed image quality using a quality control phantom and an anthropomorphic phantom. In doing so the researcher will made sure that tests done on both anti-scatter techniques to assess for image quality were more precise. The methodology for this research and the tools used to measure image quality in both grid and air gap technique are explained in the following sub-sections. 3.3.2 Research tools In this study the tools discussed in this section were used to gather the data. They were used to test the anti-scatter techniques being compared and investigated in this study which will be explained further on in this chapter. Since this research looks at image quality in two anti-scatter techniques, a lead quality control phantom (PTW Normi 13) was a very important tool used to collect the data. According to Carlton Adler (2006), spatial resolution and contrast resolution are the most important properties upon which devices and techniques can be tested. The lead quality control phantom (Appendix B) is designed to perform constancy and acceptance tests on plain digital x-ray systems and is able to test image receptors for their homogeneity, spatial resolution and contrast resolution (PTW-Freiburg, 2005). However, in this research, spatial resolution and contrast resolution were the two relevant key tests for image quality. Spatial resolution is measured by counting the largest amount of line pairs per millimetre (Lp/mm) while contrast resolution is measured by the low contrast steps seen on the resultant image. The areas on the phantom that are used to measure spatial and contrast resolution are shown in Appendix B. In collecting the data, the researcher made use of an anthropomorphic pixy phantom AR10A (Appendix B) to image the hip laterally using a horizontal beam. This phantom was used so that the exposures of both grid and air gap technique performed on the quality control phantom could be done to image a hip that resembles that of a human. As the anthropomorphic phantom used had the same attenuation coefficient of a human body, it stops the radiation passing through it in the same way that a human body would. Although this study evaluates image quality in two anti-scatter techniques, the radiation given to the subject/object at each exposure using the air gap and grid technique was also recorded and compared.   The amount of radiation exposed by the tube at each exposure was also measured using a dose area product (DAP) metre. This was important in order to see how much radiation was being used at each exposure to produce an image using the grid and air gap technique. All the exposures (in this experimental testing) were made using an automatic exposure control (AEC) which is incorporated in the erect bucky in the digital x-ray system used. This device determined how much mAs was used in each exposure so that the right amount of x-ray photons irradiated the image receptor to produce an image with adequate quality. This device was used since the mAs that is used in an exposure determines how good the image quality is as well as the patient dose. Therefore when the readings using the tools mentioned were gathered from all exposures, the researcher could compare these results and identify the ideal technique and exposure that should be used in imaging the hip laterally. This technique and exposure should ideally produce a good quality image with as low a dose as possible. 3.3.3 Method The following two subsections will explain in detail how the data was collected during the experimentation on the anti scatter techniques. The researcher made sure that the tools used in the testing were kept the same to test both techniques. The same digital x-ray system was also used throughout the entire experimentation. 3.3.3.1 The Grid Technique Testing for this technique was divided in two stages. In the first stage the researcher made use of the quality control phantom (PTW Normi 13). The phantom was placed on a custom made table in contact with the erect imaging receptor. A stationary parallel grid was placed between the phantom and the receptor since this is the type of grid used in a lateral hip shoot through projection. In this technique, the object to image distance (OID) was that of 0cm since the phantom was in contact with the grid and image receptor. The source to image distance (SID) used was that of one metre (100 cm) since this is the standard SID used in such a projection in the radiology department of the local hospital. The kV used was kept constant at 75 kV and the phantom was centred to the central AEC. The light beam diaphragm was set around the contours of the quality control phantom. A further exposure was made using the same grid technique setting. However, this time the grid was removed. This was done in order to find out whether the grid was working effectively in absorbing scatter radiation, which in turn could affect image quality. The DAP metre was recorded so that the researcher could have an approximate idea of the dose given to the phantom. The second stage in testing the grid technique was done by using the anthropomorphic phantom. The researcher set up the pixy phantom AR10A with the hip in contact with the grid and receptor. The hip was centred with the central AEC and exposed. The kV and the SID were the same as the ones used in testing the quality control phantom 75kV and 100cm SID. The set-ups used to test the grid techniques using both phantoms can be found in Appendix B. 3.3.3.2 The Air Gap Technique To test for the air gap technique the researcher also divided the tests into two stages. The same quality control phantom used previously in the grid technique was also utilised in this test/experiment. The PTW Normi 13 was placed on a custom-made table. However, in this technique, an air gap between the phantom and the image receptor was applied. There were a total of six air gaps applied, varying from 10cm to 60cm. This was done in order to see which air gap was more effective in reducing scatter radiation reaching the receptor. To achieve this aim the object to image distance (OID) was increased by 10 cm after each exposure to a maximum of 60 cm. The source to object distance (SOD) was kept at 100 cm to reduce object magnification as much as possible since this may create a loss in image sharpness. The source to image distance (SID) depended on what OID was used. Therefore when an OID of 20cm was applied, the SID was that of 120cm. This was done to ensure that the distance of the source to the object remained at 100cm. In each exposure the phantom was centred to the central AEC and the light beam diaphragm was set around the contours of the quality control phantom. The researcher also made use of the DAP metre to see which air gap produced a good quality image with a reasonably low dose. This was done so that the air gap exposures could be compared with the standard grid technique. In the second stage of testing for the air gap technique the researcher also used the same anthropomorphic phantom. The setting of the technique to image the hip laterally was adapted from Gouldings (2006) study by using the same patient positioning that the author used in her study. This setting involved applying an air gap between the phantoms hip and the receptor, keeping the SOD at 100cm. A total of six exposures were also performed on the pixy phantom AR10A with the same OIDs and SIDs used to image the quality control phantom. The researcher made sure that the phantoms hip was centred with the central AEC of the erect image receptor. Both settings used to perform testing on the air gap technique can be found in Appendix B. 3.4 Data Collection The data was collected during February 2010. The data record sheets used to record the data can be found in Appendix A.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exposure Factors The exposure factors used to produce the images in the grid and air gap technique were recorded. The kV was a constant factor while the mAs changed according to the technique used and its setting. The mAs was manipulated by means of the AED. This was done so that the amount of x-ray photons needed to produce the image and  the length of the exposure was recorded depending on the technique used.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Object to Image Distance (OID) The OID used in testing the grid and air gap technique was recorded. This was important, particularly in the application of the air gap technique. This is because the OID in the air gap technique determined the magnitude of the air gap that should be used to achieve a good quality image while keeping the radiation dose as low as possible. Therefore the researcher could see and analyse the effect on the image quality each time a specific OID was used in relation to exposure factors. In the air gap technique the SID depended on what OID was used. The researcher kept the SOD at 100cm to reduce as much as possible magnification of the resultant image.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dose Area Product (DAP) The DAP metre was recorded at each exposure for both grid and air gap techniques. Although this metre does not measure the radiation dose given to the phantoms at each exposure, it gives an indication of whether the dose would be low or high. A high DAP reading would mean that more radiation was used in the exposure and therefore the resultant patient dose may be higher. The readings from this metre for both techniques were compared in relation to image quality of the radiographs.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Signal to noise ratio (SNR) The signal to noise ratio (SNR) consists of the un-attenuated photons that have penetrated the subject without interaction (signal) and the Compton scatter and other factors that degrade image quality (noise). The SNR was used to determine how much contrast resolution an image had after each exposure. The higher the SNR the better the contrast resolution of an image (Dendy Heaton, 2006). However a high SNR also means high mAs and consequently a high patient dose. The SNR was calculated by dividing the mean pixel value by the standard deviation of the signal of each exposure. The mean pixel value and standard deviation of the signal were recorded after each exposure provided by the digital x-ray system. Therefore the equation used was: Signal to Noise ratio = mean pixel value/standard deviation (reference)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spatial Resolution and Contrast Resolution The spatial and contrast resolution readings were recorded by the researcher from the radiographs achieved using the quality control phantom in the grid and air gap technique. The line pairs per millimetre (Lp/mm) were measured to test for spatial resolution, while for contrast resolution the low contrast steps were counted. The data recorded was tabulated in tables 2a and 2b respectively in the data record sheet. This recorded data enabled the researcher to compare the image quality in both techniques. Unlike Goulding (2006) in this study two independent radiologists that were chosen randomly from the researcher were asked to report on image quality on all the radiographs performed on the anthropomorphic pixy phantom AR10A. Radiologists were chosen in this study since in Malta there are no reporting radiographers that report on the appendicular skeleton. The radiologists were asked to report on the images by answering a likert scale (1=very poor and 5=very good) to assess image quality. The results were tabulated in table 3 of the data record sheet. 3.5 Validity and Reliability Validity refers to the degree the research instrument used in the study measures what it is intended to measure. Therefore: Validity reflects the accuracy with which the findings reflect the phenomenon being studied (Parahoo, 2006, p.80) In this study, the researcher consulted with the medical physicist at the local hospital who was asked to assess the content validity of the research tools used to collect the data. The medical physicist considered the research tools valid since the same tools are used in the medical imaging department to test for image quality on the digital x-ray systems. As the research tools were deemed to be totally valid, the data collected to measure image quality in the grid and air gap technique can also be said to be valid. Reliability refers to how consistent an instrument is in measuring what it is intended to measure (Parahoo, 2006). To maintain the equivalence reliability of the lead quality control phantom used for assessment of image quality, two independent observers were asked to measure both spatial and contrast resolution of the two images achieved using the same exposure factors, OID and SID. The researcher tested for the reliability of the automatic exposure device used. This was done by exposing the lead phantom twice without manipulating the setting or exposure factors and the results were recorded. The spatial resolution, contrast resolution and DAP metre readings were the same in both images and so the AEC was considered reliable enough to use in the testing and data collection. 3.6 Ethical Considerations Ethics is defined by Polit Beck (2006) as a system of moral values that are designed to protect the participant from the research procedures as the researcher has professional, legal and social obligations towards the participants involved in the study. However, in this research, no human subjects were involved in the experimentation and collection of data, so there were no ethical issues regarding the exposures done on the PTW NORMI 13 phantom and the anthropomorphic phantom pixy AR10A. Permission was sought for the use of the x-ray equipment from Medical Imaging Department at the local hospital. Experimentation was performed under supervision and precautions were taken to ensure that radiation would not harm any other members of the staff or public where the study was performed. 3.7 Limitations of the study Limitations were encountered by the researcher throughout this study. The study was conducted using a quality control phantom and an anthropomorphic phantom. Although both phantoms are manufactured to mimic and represent a patient as well as to produce equivalent scatter radiation, patient size was a variable that could not be added to the study. The DAP metre was used in this study so that the researcher could have an idea of the dose being attenuated by the phantoms used. Ideally the actual patient dose should be measured but this could not be done since no human subjects were used. Expansion of this study would lead to a better understanding of the dose given to patients while comparing the air gap and grid technique for the lateral hip shoot through. This study was carried out using a digital x-ray system in the radiology department at the local hospital. Tube output and technique setup may be different when using other systems. In the radiology department, computed radiography is used to perform a lateral hip shoot through examination rather than a digital system which is what the researcher used in this study. In data analysis the readings from the quality control phantoms were interpreted by the researcher himself and not by a number of people. If more than one person interpreted the results, the results may have varied. Although these limitations are valid, they had no effect on the data collected and the results achieved. 3.8 Conclusion This chapter described the methodology and the research design of this study. The next chapter consists of presentation, analysis and discussion of the data.